Keine Geltung des partiellen Nutzflächenschlüssels nach Beendigung des letzten Altmietverhältnisses

Der "partielle Nutzfl?chenschlüssel" gilt nach Beendigung des letzten Altmietverh?ltnisses "automatisch" nicht mehr, also ohne dass es einer Vereinbarung nach § 32 Abs 2 WEG 2002 bedürfte. In der auf die Aufl?sung des letzten Altmietvertrags folgenden Abrechungsperiode ist vielmehr – sofern keine anderslautende Vereinbarung getroffen wurde – der wohnrechtliche Verteilungsschlüssel des § 32 Abs 1 Satz 1 WEG 2002 ma?geblich. Eine Neufestsetzung der Nutzwerte führt nicht automatisch zu einer ?nderung des Verteilungsschlüssels nach § 19 Abs 1 WEG 1975 bzw § 32 Abs 1 Satz 1 WEG 2002, sondern es sind die aus dem Grundbuch ersichtlichen Anteilsverh?ltnisse ma?geblich.     

The new German Data Protection Act and its compatibility with the European Data Protection Directive

A substitution of the right to maintain mailing lists for marketing purposes (the so-called list privilege) by a strict opt-in requirement as proposed by the German Government for the amendment of the German Data Protection Act does not conform with European law. Making the use of relatively innocuous data like name and address for marketing purposes subject to the data subject's declaration of consent infringes upon the requirements of the European Data Protection Directive. The Directive allows for the use of personal data either on the basis of a data subject's declaration of consent or after a balancing of legally protected interests. Reducing this two-track model to a one-track model (based on the data subject's declaration of consent only) does not do justice to the idea of balancing of interests or free movement of goods and services which are a mandatory part of European law. The draft bill interferes drastically with the free movement of goods and services. A tightening of the opt-in requirements would be a severe burden for the German economy because it is impossible for businesses to distribute their goods and services without the help of marketing measures. The economic cycle would be hit at its weakest point, i.e. the link between businesses and consumers which is gaining more and more importance especially with a view to cross-border competition.     

Vitreous Fluid and/or Urine Glucose Concentrations in 1335 Civil Aviation Accident Pilot Fatalities*

Abstract: During aviation accident investigations, vitreous fluid and urine samples from pilot fatalities are analyzed for glucose and blood for hemoglobin A_1c (HbA_1c) to monitor diabetic pilots and to discover other pilots with undiagnosed/unreported diabetes. The prevalence of elevated glucose concentrations in fatally injured pilots was evaluated by searching the Civil Aerospace Medical Institute’s Toxicology Database for the period 1998–2005. Out of 1335 pilots involving 363 vitreous fluid, 365 urine, and 607 vitreous fluid and urine analyses, 43 pilots had elevated glucose in vitreous fluid (>125 mg/dL) and/or in urine (>100 mg/dL). Of the 20 pilots whose blood samples were analyzed, nine had >6% HbA_1c—four were known diabetics, and five were unknown diabetics. Urinary glucose levels were elevated in all 13 known hyperglycemic pilots. A considerable number of pilots (30 of 43) had elevated glucose and HbA_1c (5 of 20), suggesting undiagnosed/unreported diabetic conditions.     

伊维菌素对内毒血症小鼠生存率和细胞因子分泌的影响

为研究伊维菌素对脂多糖所致内毒血症小鼠的保护率及对小鼠血清中细胞因子的影响,给C57BL/6小鼠灌服伊维菌素(1、2和4mg/kg)或等体积蒸馏水,2h后分别腹腔注射脂多糖32mg/kg或等体积PBS,观察7d内小鼠的死亡情况;采用夹心-ELISA法测定注射脂多糖后不同时间点小鼠血清中的TNF-α、IL-1β和IL-6水平,硝酸还原法测定小鼠血清中NO的水平。结果显示,伊维菌素能显著(P<0.05)提高脂多糖诱导的内毒血症小鼠生存率,降低小鼠血清中的TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6和NO水平。表明,伊维菌素可通过抑制脂多糖诱导的小鼠体内炎性因子和介质释放提高内毒血症小鼠的生存率。     

狂犬病“靶向性”Th表位DNA疫苗的构建与瞬时表达研究

用RT-PCR扩增BALB/c小鼠P31基因,在不影响氨基酸序列前提下,对序列中461nt NcoⅠ酶切位点进行定点突变;采用定向克隆方法将狂犬病病毒核蛋白、糖蛋白及NS蛋白主要Th抗原表位核苷酸序列替换P31序列中CLIP区域,进行新一轮PCR反应获得带有Kozak调控序列的P31-Th分子,以增加目的基因的表达量,并将含有Kozak序列的P31-Th分子克隆入真核表达载体pCI-neo多克隆位点,通过PCR与限制性内切酶酶切方法进行鉴定;最后将各Th表位表达载体转染COS-7细胞,Western-blot检测目的基因的瞬时表达。测序分析结果表明,BALB/c小鼠P31基因CDS区长648bp,编码215个氨基酸,与Gen-Bank中登录的Ii分子（NM₀10545）的核苷酸序列、氨基酸序列均存在多个位点差异;定点突变后获得了P31分子突变体,经PCR及限制性内切酶酶切方法证明,成功构建了携带P31-Th分子的真核表达载体;Western-blot分析证实,各P31-Th分子均在COS-7细胞中获得瞬时表达,且表达的目的产物能够与兔抗P31多克隆抗体发生抗原抗体结合反应。结果表明,作者成功构建了狂犬病病毒主要Th抗原表位的"靶向性"核酸疫苗,为开展在小鼠的免疫学试验奠定了基础。     

Fatal Myocarditis Following Treatment with the PD‐1 Inhibitor Nivolumab

Therapeutic antibodies targeting the programmed cell death protein 1 (PD‐1) pathway function as immune checkpoint inhibitors, allowing the immune system to recognize tumors which otherwise escape immune surveillance. However, these agents can also elicit an autoimmune response by inhibiting the ability of non‐neoplastic tissues and regulatory cells to suppress the immune system. Here we present a fatal case of active myocarditis in a 55‐year‐old man with non‐small‐cell lung cancer which occurred following monotherapy with the PD‐1 inhibitor nivolumab (Opdivo). He presented with acute right‐sided heart failure and died 1 day after admission. Postmortem examination revealed multiple gelatinous lesions in the myocardium of the interventricular septum and the bilateral atria and ventricles which had microscopic features diagnostic of myocarditis. Subsequent studies failed to identify an infectious cause. Immune checkpoint inhibitors are an increasingly common addition to anticancer regimens and they should be considered in the evaluation of acute myocarditis.     

A reflection on the priorities of a data protection authority

Eric Howe, the first Data Protection Registrar, was setting up his Office about the same time as the first appearance in 1985 of this journal, whose distinguished editor Professor Saxby is now retiring. That is this author's excuse for looking back to the early years of United Kingdom data protection and reflecting on what a data protection authority is actually for. As this article hopes to make clear, using the early United Kingdom experience as an example, Data Protection Authorities are faced with an unclear role running the risk of creating false expectations among the general public. The author concludes that representations to government are often minimally effective and that with the limited resources available a DPA should give priority to encouraging compliance by data controllers and assisting individuals with a complaints resolution service.     

Profiling the scent of weathered training aids for blood-detection dogs

At outdoor crime scenes, cadaver-detection and blood-detection dogs may be tasked with locating blood that is days, weeks or months old. Although it is known that the odour profile of blood will change during this time, it is currently unknown how the profile changes when exposed to the environment. Such variables must be studied in order to understand when the odour profile is no longer detectable by the scent-detection dogs and other crime scene tools should be implemented. In this study, blood was deposited onto concrete and varnished wood surfaces and weathered in an outdoor environment over a three-month period. Headspace samples were collected using solid phase microextraction (SPME) and analysed using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography – time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC×GC–TOFMS). The chemical odour profiles were compared with the behavioural responses of cadaver-detection and blood-detection dogs during training. Data interpretation using principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) established that the blood odour could no longer be detected using SPME–GC×GC–TOFMS after two months of weathering on both surfaces. Conversely, the blood-detection dogs had difficulty locating the blood samples after one month of weathering on concrete and after one week of weathering on varnished wood. The scent-detection dogs evaluated herein had not been previously exposed to environmentally weathered blood samples during training. Given that this study was conducted to test the dogs' baseline abilities, it is expected that with repeated exposure, the dogs' capabilities would likely improve. The knowledge gained from this study can assist in providing law enforcement with more accurate training aids for blood-detection dogs and can improve their efficiency when deployed to outdoor crime scenes.     

Erhöhung des Unterhaltsvorschusses nach Beendigung einstweiligen Unterhalts durch endgültige Bemessung

Die Aufhebung einer einstweiligen Verfügung infolge Zeitablaufs nach § 399 Abs 1 Z 2 EO wirkt im Regelfall nicht auf den Zeitpunkt ihrer Bewilligung, sondern lediglich auf den Zeitpunkt des Fristablaufs – etwa den Eintritt der Rechtskraft des im Hauptverfahren ergangenen Urteils – zurück. Der erkennende Senat tritt nicht der formalistischen Auffassung bei, eine Entscheidung, mit der ein vorl?ufiger Unterhalt gem § 382a EO durch einen "endgültigen" ersetzt werde, sei keine taugliche Grundlage für eine (rückwirkende) Erh?hung des Unterhaltsbeitrags iSd § 19 Abs 2 UVG. Vielmehr schlie?t er sich der in 3 Ob 147/00i ge?u?erten Ansicht an, wonach aus den ma?gebenden gesetzlichen Bestimmungen nicht ableitbar ist, dass ein Exekutionstitel gem § 382a EO, der einer Vorschussgew?hrung zugrunde gelegt worden sei, "mit der endgültigen Unterhaltsfestsetzung … beseitigt" werde. Demnach kann ein aufgrund einstweiliger Verfügung nach § 382a EO gew?hrter Unterhaltsvorschuss erh?ht werden, wenn sp?ter ein erh?hter Unterhalt im ordentlichen Bemessungsverfahren festgesetzt wurde. Das gilt jedenfalls für Vorschüsse nach §§ 3, 4 Z 1 UVG.