Civilization and international society: the case of European Union expansion

Joining a society of some kind requires the fulfillment of certain standards. In international society, states acknowledge the need for certain collective standards of international conduct if international order is to be maintained. The first truly global application of international norms took place during the nineteenth century through the process of the expansion of the European society of states and its gradual transformation to the contemporary global international society. In this process, the standard of ‘civilization’ played an essential role in determining which states would join the expanding European society and which ones would not. Despite the major changes that have occurred, the standard of ‘civilization’ has remained an international practice as well as a benchmark against which the attitudes and policies of states are assessed. Nowhere can this be seen more clearly than in the EU policy of ‘membership conditionality’. Although many explanations for EU expansion have been put forward rather absent from debate has been the civilization dimension which is embedded in membership conditionality and which should be given more emphasis.     

共产党员应该认真学习党的光辉历史

在中国共产党建立88周年之际，每一个共产党员都应认真学习党的光辉历史，这对于了解党的丰功伟绩，理解中国共产党的伟大、光荣、正确，坚信只有在党的领导下走社会主义道路，国家才能强盛，民族才能振兴，人民才能富裕；对于认清马克思主义与中国革命和建设相结合的历史经验，都是十分重要的。     

Land conflict and Mayangna territorial rights in Nicaragua's Bosawás reserve

Abstract— This paper examines conflicts over land and resources in Nicaragua's Bosawás rainforest reserve between Mestizos and Mayangna Indian people. Mestizos are people of mixed Indian and European descent who speak Spanish and do not consider themselves to be Indians. Bosawás is one of the last refuges of the Mayangna indigenous group and is also the largest area of protected tropical rainforest in Central America. The Mayangna village of Sikilta, in the North Atlantic Autonomous Region, is used to illustrate the nature of land conflicts in the region. Such conflicts–between economic development and conservation, between livelihoods and conservation, and between peasant livelihoods and indigenous territorial rights–are symptomatic of rainforest areas in other parts of the world. Land conflicts in Bosawás are examined within the broader economic, political and institutional context. Potential solutions to land conflict in Sikilta are explored. The paper illustrates the complexities surrounding the demarcation and upholding of indigenous land rights. It highlights the institutional complexities and weaknesses which have allowed Sikilta's land problem to go unresolved. It is argued that until national problems of unequal access to land and unsustainable forms of forest use are addressed, communities like Sikilta will continue to suffer invasion of their land.     

新中国成立六十年来党政关系的历史考察和现实思考

新中国成立60年来对党政关系的探索大致可以分为三个阶段，即社会主义制度确立前的党政关系、探索社会主义道路时期的党政关系以及改革开放以来的党政关系。通过考察这段历史，不难看出，每一个阶段的前期都取得了一些积极成果，但后期却被迫中断。这其中的原因值得思考。     

关于法院拍卖采矿权的思考

采矿权是一个特殊的财产权，法院强制执行采矿权亦具有特殊性。在执行程序中，人民法院可否直接委托商业拍卖机构向社会公开拍卖采矿权，可否直接将采矿权人的采矿权通过民事裁定书裁定给债权人？拍卖采矿权是由国土资源主管部门主导还是由法院主导？对此，争议很大。上述问题的解决涉及对法院执行权性质和采矿权性质的认识，涉及对法院拍卖和权利转让关系的理解。     

我国现行法采物权意思主义变动模式？—与武钦殿法官商榷

我国现行法采形式主义的物权变动模式而且为债权形式主义，已为学界的通说。《物权法》更加明确地规定了我国的物权变动模式为形式主义。不管是债权意思主义抑或物权意思主义皆非我国现行法的物权变动模式。物权意思主义只是学者为了理论上的自圆其说而由交付等形式中的强加杜撰，绝非现实的客观存在。     

论被害人过错影响定罪量刑的根据

被害人过错影响定罪量刑的根据,西方有责任分担说和谴责性降低说两种学说。责任分担说从分析造成客观危害的原因入手,引出了被害人过错应当分担部分责任的结论;谴责性降低说着眼于加害人的主观面,提出了被害人过错会导致加害人应受谴责性降低的观点。两种学说均只揭示了事物的一个方面,并存在缺陷。主客观相统一是现代刑法的主轴,只有既重视主观又强调客观才能完整地说明被害人过错影响定罪量刑的根据。     

Insecure Attachment Mediates Effects of Partners’ Emotional Abuse and Violence on Women’s Relationship Quality

Men’s emotional abuse and violence have a broad and pervasive impact on women that may include long-term effects on women’s attachment and relationship quality. In this longitudinal study, women’s Wave 6 ratings of their insecure attachment were hypothesized to mediate the relationship between partners’ Wave 5 abuse (emotional and physical) and Wave 6 relationship quality, with differences in associations by women’s Wave 5 self-classification as secure or insecure. Mediation was tested with data from a sample of 574 African American, Euro-American, and Mexican American community women who had completed at least three waves of a six wave study. Differences occurred in the final structural equation models by women’s Wave 5 attachment style, with direct paths from emotional abuse to insecure attachment and from violence to relationship quality for both groups, but direct effects of violence on relationship quality only for insecurely attached women.     

公共服务型政府下的公务员公共服务能力建设思考

本文旨在对、目前我国公务员公共服务能力存在的问题进行论述，并提出相应的改进措施，以期提高我国公务员的公共服务能力，最终建立我国的服务型政府。     

关于赋予检察机关量刑建议权的思考——从许霆盗窃一案说起

最近，许霆盗窃案引起了人们持续的关注和深入的思考，在强大的舆论压力下，此案的被告人许霆最终经历了从被判处无期徒刑到5年有期徒刑的惊险蹦极，一审重审判决的刑期大大缩短，似乎舆论、民意在与司法的较劲中获得了胜利。这种度身订做的判决涉及一系列的问题，并从中读到了赋予检察机关量刑建议权的可行性和必要性。