清末君主立宪话语中的帝制问题

君主立宪改革是清廷再造儒家思想的一次尝试,也是清廷翻新帝制传统的最后努力。在立宪求富强的语境下,清廷希望新宪法能实现政治的转型、统治权的合理化、新的规训秩序和国家的统一与强盛。1908年的《宪法大纲》甚至出现了将皇位变成一个公共职位的趋势。同时,这部宪法也致力于创建新的官僚制度、将全体人民"民族化"、"公民化"以及实现皇权功能的法律化。     

Family succession through adoption in the Chosun Dynasty

Using a unique data source of genealogies of upper-status families, called Bulcheonwye families, we assess how the extent of family succession through adoption changed over five centuries from 1450 to 1949 in Korea. Our analysis shows the continued increase in the share of adopted sons among total family successors up to the end of the 19th century when three out of ten family successors were adopted. The trend of the increasing role of adoption is closely related to the declining number of sons per family, suggesting that not only the rising influence of Confucian culture but also demographic changes increased the demand for adoption. Finally, our comparison provides evidence that the likelihood of achieving high social status was significantly higher among adopted sons than biological ones, suggesting that the socioeconomic potential of adopted sons could be an important factor for adoption decision.     

State ‘parenthood’ and vocational orphanages (islâhhanes): Transformation of urbanity and family life

Ottoman urban reform policies not only targeted the rehabilitation and rebuilding of provinces, cities, streets, and squares; they also aspired to refashion the inhabitants of urban spaces. Vocational orphanages (?slâhhanes) of the latter half of the nineteenth century were, in that respect, instrumental in removing minor vagrants, beggars, and street children from urban areas according to redefined borders of urban security and visibility and in reintegrating them into society through training and employment in arts and crafts. As much as this initiative was a significant step on the part of the state to intervene in family life and child-rearing practices, the research also points to the agency of poor parents in demanding and benefiting from state welfare policies.     

Differing patterns of marriage between a city and villages in 18th century Korea: The case of Taegu Area

While the urban area was increasingly filled with middle- and low-status residents, the rural area was dominated by high-status settlers whose number increased because of migration from the city and natural growth. Remarkable differences existed between urban and rural marriage features such as marriage age and rate of remarriage. The more sincere adoption of the high-status marriage culture in the rural area may be attributed to its occupational homogeneity. In the rural agrarian settings, landlords, self-cultivators and tenants shared a similar living pattern and value system based on the agricultural cycle. The urban area, however, exhibited a variety of work patterns of local functionaries, artisans and merchants. Many middle- and low-status people might well have found the high-status culture of the rural area incompatible with their own.     

司法与行政的有限分立——晚清司法改革的内在理路

面对近世西域分权思想的传入及其对传统中国法律与司法制度的冲击,晚清统治集团把革新司法权力运行体制与方式,推进以司法与行政相分立为核心的司法体制改革,作为施行预备立宪的基本思路和策略选择。在国权统一的模式下,晚清统治集团推行有限度的司法与行政之分立。然而,中央官制改革方案对于法部与大理院之间司法权限的界定并不清晰,遂引发了后来影响广泛的法部与大理院之间围绕司法权限而展开的激烈争论。这场部院司法权限之争,深刻地反映了司法独立理念与行政支配司法理念之间的价值冲突。晚清司法改革标志着新的近代型司法制度的出现,体现了近代中国法制与司法文明的历史进步。     

清代州县审断的灵活性——以清代南部县档案中“判词”为例

分析清代川省南部县档案中的"判词"在知县审断中的运用、形式、内容以及作用等呈现出的特征,可以揭示有清基层衙门在审断纠纷上与中央官厅的不同面向,进而从审断中表达知县态度的文本——"判词"——这一侧面,说明了至少清季州县在纠纷审断上所具有的,也是当下司法所不具有的灵活性或自主性。     

论宋代刑事审判权的制约机制

宋代刑事审判制度尽管在一般层面上仍未跳出封建式刑事审判制度的巢臼,但在具体制度的建构上却呈现出有别于中国封建社会其他朝代的独特风貌.宋代刑事审判制度的显著特点在于强调对刑事审判权的制约.可以说,宋代刑事审判权制约机制的设计和运行为确保刑事审判权的正确行使和刑事案件的公正处理莫定了坚实的基础.     

唐代刑事证据制度考略

唐代是中国封建社会经济、政治和文化发展的鼎盛时期,其法律制度也达到了古代封建法制的最高水平。唐代总结其前代王朝刑事证据之经验并有所创新,直接影响着后世。唐代立法和司法实践体现了据证惟实、重视伦理权衡等证据原则,主要证据形式包括口供、证人证言、物证、书证和勘验笔录,相应的取证方法主要有取得口供和证言的刑讯、获取实物证据的现场勘验和搜查,司法官员运用经验和逻辑推理综合审查和运用证据。     

《大清现行刑律》与民初民事法源——大理院对“现行律民事有效部分”的适用

“现行律民事有效部分”是民初一种主要而又特殊的民事法源,源自《大清现行刑律》,但在立法层面,《大清现行刑律》从“刑律”到“民法”转变的任务并未完成,即未形成统一法律文本样态的“现行律民事有效部分”。司法机关适用该法源时面临着三大难题：无统一明确的内容该如何适用？相关律(例)文未去刑罚化如何用于民事审判？旧的律(例)文如何适应新的社会情势和法律制度？大理院以判例和解释例,确认并明确了“现行律民事有效部分”的内容范围,从原刑律条款转化出民事效果,并通过法律解释、类推适用和假借等方式,保证了其在民初司法实践中的正常适用;经由法律概念的对接、民法理论的融合和权利观念的渗透,实现了对“现行律民事有效部分”的创新,使其成为中国民法近代化历程中新旧之法融合的一个节点和枢纽,构成近代中国法制史上的重要一环。     

唐代奴仆告主现象考论

唐代传世文献关于告主奴仆具体身份之描述扑朔迷离,且多有彰显奴仆＂家人＂身份之旨趣。告主家奴、家僮、役人、从人等称谓互通的特殊现象,是唐代家庭结构深刻变化与贱民地位相对提高的真实反映,而这种变化在法律制度层面之重要表达路径,即为奴仆容隐其主原则的确立。