对契约正义的一种解读——现代法律对契约自由的限制

现代法律中的契约正义,并非古典契约理论所描述的那样,只要契约是当事人自由意志的表示,那就是公正和正义的。古典契约理论“契约即正义”的命题受到了现代社会政治、经济、文化等诸多因素的影响,对契约自由予以法律上的诸多限制,以期通过契约法律实现社会分配的公正,是现代契约正义的应有之意。     

Adverse Possession and Article 1 of the European Convention

In the post-human rights era the question has arisen on several occasions as to whether the automatic and arbitrary termination of the registered owner’s title through the common law and statutory principles governing adverse possession of land is contrary to the Article 1, Protocol 1 of the European Convention. The matter fell to be decided in J.A. Pye (Oxford) Ltd v United Kingdom ([2005] 3 EGLR 1) where the European Court of Human Rights held that the automatic termination of a registered owners title after 12 years possession was indeed a violation of Article 1, Protocol 1. More recently, the decision of the European Court has been overturned by the Grand Chamber of the European Court of Human Rights where the Grand Chamber has held that a squatters’ right to another persons land are not disproportionate (J. A. Pye (Oxford) Ltd and Another v United Kingdom, The Times, October 1st 2007). This short article examines the decision of the Grand Chamber.

特殊防卫权及其构成要件的若干问题

特殊防卫权是1997年刑法赋予公民的一项权利,对于保护公民的合法权益有重要的作用。但刑法理论界和司法实务界在特殊防卫权构成要件的研究方面尚存在一定争议。     

论·举·证·时·效

举证时效制度的设立，是实现程序正义的必然要求，又是追求诉讼效 益的应有之义，世界上许多国家的民事诉讼立法都对举证时效问题作了具体的要求。 我国法律中没有规定举证时效制度或相关的制度，导致了诉讼效率低下，当事人讼累 增加，法院权威受损。因此，在我国民事诉讼中设立举证时效制度势在必行，设立此 制度的主要障碍不在于立法技术，而在于对诉讼价值的认识，在于现代的以程序正义 为诉讼目的、以追求法律真实为诉讼目标的诉讼价值观的完全形成。     

市场准入与国内规制在WTO法中应如何合理界分

随着“美国———赌博”案裁决的终结,市场准入与国内规制的关系问题备受关注。WTO法对成员方市场准入与国内规制措施存在不同约束,但对相关条款如何辨别和适用于两类不同措施缺乏明确的规定。在GATT项下,由于关于第3条注释的存在,GATT第3条与第11条相互排斥,且第3条优先适用。在GATS项下,市场准入与国内规制既有区分,也存在适用中的重合,为此需要对第16条中的市场准入的限制措施从严界定,以避免该规定侵占WTO原本为成员方所保留的国内规制自由的领地。     

论诉讼时效的适用范围

对诉讼时效适用范围的研究有理论价值 ,也有实际意义。我国《民法通则》对此的笼统规定 ,更使该问题的争论增加。从民事权利种类体系出发 ,结合各类型权利的特质分析 ,诉讼时效只适用于债权请求权及其救济权。     

The Press, Public Opinion, Arms Limitation, and Government Policy in Britain, 1932-34: Some Preliminary Observations

One of the least understood issues concerning interwar Britain is the connection between public opinion and the development and implementation of foreign and defence policy. And what is true generally of these crucial elements of interwar British statecraft is doubly so for perhaps their most nettled subset: disarmament. Public opinion polling did not begin in Britain till 1937; yet in 1932-34, when Britain played a leading role in the League of Nations-sponsored World Disarmament Conference, government ministers and their civil service and armed forces advisors sought to produce policy for this conference that would balance between limiting the national armoury and protecting national and Imperial security. Their reading of public opinion was crucial; but so, too, was the reading that the opposition parties and extra-parliamentary interest groups did and the subsequent pressures that they brought to bear on the government. This article offers some preliminary observations on the efficacy of using the national press as a means both of assessing public attitudes and of connecting the public debate over disarmament policy with policymaking within the British government.     

走私制毒物品罪立法的缺陷与完善

现行刑法的走私制毒物品罪是从先前的《关于禁毒的决定》承继而来,较之先前的立法作了较大的改善。但遗憾的是,它仍然在罪名、罪状以及刑罚的设置上留有一些立法的缺陷,而学界对此鲜有论述。不完善的刑法规定只是我们注释刑法学的出发点,但它不应成为科学的理论刑法学研究的归宿。     

公共利益限制基本权利的逻辑

以公共利益作为基本权利的限制是各国宪法之通例 ,“公共利益”和“法律保留”分别构成了限制基本权利的实质要件和形式要件。对于公共利益和基本权利的关系 ,有两种不同的理解 ,即“外在限制说”和“内在限制说”。“内在限制说”的危险性较之“外在限制说”为小 ,但其可能提供的权利保障范围也小于“外在限制说”。而且 ,“内在限制说”有着为严谨的法学学理所不能容纳的逻辑问题。故而 ,可以采纳的学说仍然是“外在限制说” ,但是必须通过确定一定理念与规则去消除其危险性 ,也就是对“公共利益”作出严格的限制 ,对“权利的限制”进行限制。     

海事赔偿责任限制优先适用原则研究——兼论海事赔偿责任限制权利之属性

海事赔偿责任限制在外部关系上体现优先适用原则,即船舶优先权、船舶抵押权、船舶碰撞以及船舶扣押制度等都不影响海事赔偿责任限制的优先适用;海事赔偿责任限制在内部关系上体现优先适用原则,除并行于海事赔偿责任限制的责任限制制度外,所有其他责任限制制度,要么受制于海事赔偿责任限制,要么共享海事赔偿责任限制的限额,而与海事赔偿责任限制并行的责任限制制度,则互不影响,不存在优先适用的问题,即在同一事故中,可能并存独立的互不影响的几个责任限制的限额,如海事赔偿责任的限额、油污损害赔偿的限额、有毒有害物质赔偿的限额。海事赔偿责任限制的权利主体相对于自身关系的相对人来说,其权利属性不是抗辩权,也不是请求权,而是形成权的特殊类型;海事赔偿责任限制的权利主体相对于自身关系之外的其他关系的相对人来说,其权利属性仍然是形成权的特殊类型,称之为＂海事优位权＂。