Crime and Punishment in Norwegian Mid-adolescents: A Normal Population Study

Does the 'penal eye' of our society most easily catch sight of those with scant resources and lower-class backgrounds? In a national representative sample of Norwegian adolescents, we investigated the selection process to the penal system. Of the adolescents studied, 2.8% had received a penal sanction during the last year, 3.7% of the boys and 1.9% of the girls. The sanctions varied in seriousness, from a ticket fine to a prison sentence. These adolescents had much higher crime participation than other adolescents. In particular, substance-related offences were of importance. They had a high frequency of alcohol intoxication, and they often had a previous history of police contacts. No links were found to parental social class, but there was an association with parental history of unemployment. Furthermore, numerous other parental risk factors were found, such as marital breakup, low level of care, lack of monitoring and frequent alcohol intoxication. However, these factors were also associated with the development of crime. Were such extra-legal factors predictors of penal sanctions, when crime, alcohol intoxication and a previous history of police contacts were controlled for? Poor parental monitoring was the only (marginally) significant predictor. On the other hand, criminal behaviour had a highly significant effect, as early as at the lowest level of participation, and this effect increased steeply at higher levels. Alcohol had an effect, but only when the adolescents reported a rather high number of intoxication episodes. Thus, a problematic family background and small resources obviously play a role in the development of crime, but are less important as direct factors of being caught by the police and punished by the penal system. However, the subjects in our sample were still in their midteens and it might well be that development in late adolescence and young adulthood takes a different course.     

贵州民族地区图书馆事业发展的制约因素及对策

本文采用大量数据将贵州省民族地区公共图书馆事业的现状与中、西部的图书馆进行比较研究,分析了贵州省民族地区图书馆事业发展的经济、教育、人口素质等制约因素,并提出根据本省的实际,从外部环境去争取发展的条件,从内部运行环境中创造发展机制,才能真正使图书馆事业获得发展的空间。     

抢劫犯罪的被害预防

被害预防是以被害人为中心的、对各种致害因素的预防。它突破了传统的预防思路,对于加强预防犯罪工作、减少和控制抢劫犯罪具有重要的意义。     

东亚区域合作的制约性因素分析

要实现东亚区域合作,推动东亚共同体的建设,解决东亚区域合作进程中存在的现实难题,当务之急需要处理好以下几个方面的问题：一是美国因素,即美国对东亚区域合作的态度与东亚对美国在区域合作中态度的看法;二是领导权,即必须要有一个坚强的领导核心推进东亚区域合作;三是互信原则的确立,东亚各国必须建立互信关系,尤其是东亚地区大国之间的相互信任：四是“低级政治与高级政治并行发展”,经济合作与政治安全合作同步进行。     

也论我国刑法中犯罪概念的定量因素--与储槐植教授和汪永乐博士商榷

犯罪概念中的定量因素,在理论上缺乏科学根据,在实践中有弊无利.究其根源,犯罪概念中的定量因素是历史的产物,是与法制的发展水平紧密相连的.本文无意批判现在中国的法律制度,仅客观地论证了犯罪概念中的定量因素不是法制中的创新,而是法制发展的滞后表现.     

论影响中东安全的宗教因素

宗教一直被视为导致安全和战争问题的诸多相关因素之一。中东地区宗教和教派分歧严重,主要表现在伊斯兰教与犹太教、伊斯兰教与基督教以及伊斯兰教内部不同教派之间的冲突上。宗教对中东地区安全产生影响基本上是通过认同安全、利益安全和宗教合法性三种途径。宗教既是中东问题中一个非常重要的不利因素,又是一种融合因素。如果双方都本着宽容和博爱的根本教义,为了自己的人民不再遭受苦难与流血,互相救赎、互相热爱,那么任何冲突都有希望被化解。     

全职引进台湾教师教学效果与影响因素:基于1007份调查问卷

台湾教师在教育背景、教学理念、教学方式和教学经验等方面与大陆有很大差别。近年来,大陆部分院校逐步引进台湾全职教师,给高校发展注入新鲜血液。本文采用网络调查和现场问卷调查相结合的方法,以东南沿海高等院校曾接受台湾全职教师授课的大学生为主体,进行较全面调查与统计分析,初步了解台湾全职教师的教学效果及其基本特征与影响因素,以冀对更好辅导和提升台湾全职教师教学效果、做好台湾优秀教师引进与配套工作提供理论和政策参考,进而促进两岸关系发展、人才交流和经济社会融合提供参考。     

流动人口子女公立学校适应性及影响因素研究

本文利用抽样调查的结果,分析探讨流动人口子女公立学校适应性及影响因素。本研究发现,流动人口子女在公立学校人际适应、学习适应、行为习惯适应良好。回归分析结果表明,年级、媒介接触、城市体验、流动参与对流动人口子女公立学校适应性有显著性影响。     

宏观调控中的地方因素分析

宏观调控中的地方因素是决定宏观调控过程和效果的重要因素。地方政府在国家双层调控体系的构建中充当着重要角色,对宏观调控效率特别是区域经济的调控产生重要的影响作用。发挥中央政府在宏观调控中的主导作用并重视地方政府的调控意愿和能力,通过国家、地方和社会组织的多重互动来引导和校正地方行为,是宏观调控取得成功的关键。     

Aid and Performance: A Reassessment

Two visions of aid effectiveness and allocation are compared. The first, corresponding to the new aid paradigm, argues that aid is only effective if domestic policies are appropriate. The second, in contrast, argues that aid effectiveness depends on the external and climatic environment: the worse this environment, or the more vulnerable the recipient countries, the greater the effectiveness of aid. Cross-sectional econometric tests related to GDP growth on two 12-year pooled periods clearly favour the second view. The two views can be reconciled through the principle of performance-based aid allocation, where performance is defined as outcomes adjusted for the impact of environmental factors. Performance can then be measured in several manners which are subject to comparison. One approach would lead one to allocate more aid the worse the (external) environment is (for a given policy) and the better the policy is (for a given environment).