The Extent,Nature, and Consequences of School Victimization: A Review of Surveys and Recent Research

ABSTRACT

The authors present a comprehensive overview of the current literature on the extent, correlates, and consequences of school-based incidents of victimization in the United States. The primary sources of data on crime and victimization in schools, including periodic, nationally representative surveys, are reviewed. These data are used to describe the scope and types of victimization most frequently encountered by students while in school, as well as historic shifts in trends. The authors also summarize the main correlates of school victimization both at the individual and school levels; describe the health, psychological, behavioral, and peer-network consequences of school victimization; and discuss the factors that can mitigate its consequences for youths. The discussion concludes by outlining future directions for this important line of research.     

A middle power’s trade policy under U.S.-China FTA competition: South Korea’s double hedging FTA diplomacy

Existing studies on the roles and foreign policies of middle powers place too much focus on their security policies, while there is a dearth of scholarship on their trade policies. Middle powers have used free trade agreement (FTA) politics not only to obtain economic benefits through trade expansion, but also to achieve broader foreign policy goals. Given the U.S.-China FTA competition in East Asia, as a middle power, South Korea, has developed double hedging FTA diplomacy by supporting both powers’ FTA initiatives in order to avoid potential conflicts and maintain favourable relationships with both powers. Specifically, Korea has tried to maximize its national interest and, furthermore, to maintain regional stability by establishing two bilateral FTAs, the Korea-U.S. FTA and the Korea-China FTA, and by showing interest and participating in larger FTA discussions, such as the US-led Trans-Pacific Partnership and the China-led Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership.     

Nonkilling 101 — Is a nonkilling society possible?

ABSTRACT

Following the definition presented by Paige, nonkilling refers to the absence of killing, threats to kill, and conditions conducive to killing in human society. How can education contribute to bringing about such societies? As the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) called upon the global community to ‘significantly reduce all forms of violence and related death rates everywhere’ by 2030, a growing need exists to understand the educational measures and transformations relevant to building societies where human killing is greatly reduced and eventually absent. Just as scholars, practitioners and policy-makers in other areas have had to rethink their impact in contributing to this global goal, in 2015 the “Vasa Statement on Education for Killing-Free Societies” was adopted, proposing concrete recommendations. The articles put together in this special issue of the Journal of Peace Education provide grounds to sustain the crucial role of education in curving the global epidemic of lethal violence.     

Terrorism and Public Opinion: The Effects of Terrorist Attacks on the Popularity of the President of the United States

This article uses a large-n dataset to investigate the effect of terrorist attacks with American victims on the popularity of the U.S. president. The study uses two broad theoretical frameworks to analyze this effect, the score-keeping framework and the rally-effect framework. The findings of the study show that, when excluding the effect from the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks, actual terrorist attacks have no generalizable short-term impact on the popularity of the U.S. president. This indicates that even though the topics of national security, terrorism, and the president’s ability to handle these issues are important in the political debate in the United States, actual terrorism has little or no short-term impact on presidential approval ratings.     

论民族、种族和宗教犯罪的立法完善——从国际人权公约角度看

民族、种族和宗教相互之间具有紧密联系,且对一个国家的和谐与稳定关系重大。我国加入或即将加入的国际人权公约对民族、种族和宗教相关的犯罪行为已经作出了明确规定,我国有必要以国际人权公约的规定为参照检视我国刑法在民族、种族和宗教犯罪上的规定,作出与我国实际相符合、也与国际人权公约相一致的修正。修改现有相关犯罪的构成条件,增加我国刑法没有规定但危害严重的民族、种族和宗教犯罪。     

充分发挥现代远程教育在贵州民族教育中的作用

办好民族地区的农村教育,是建设社会主义新农村的一项重要任务。笔者认为,应利用实施"一村一名大学生工程"计划的机遇,进一步发挥远程教育在我省民族教育中的作用。     

苦地胆内酯类化合物的制备及其体外抑菌效果研究

为探讨中药苦地胆有效成分苦地胆内酯的抗菌效果,用浓度为800mL/L的乙醇溶液进行热回流浸提,制备苦地胆内酯的粗提物,经硅胶柱层析分离、纯化,再结晶,制得苦地胆内酯类化合物,用薄层层析法进行苦地胆内酯检测与鉴定,并进行了苦地胆内酯类化合物的体外抑菌试验。结果显示,当浓度为2.0mg/mL时,苦地胆内酯类化合物对巴氏杆菌、蜡状芽孢杆菌具有明显的抑制作用(P0.05),对金黄色葡萄球菌、肠炎沙门氏菌和鸡大肠杆菌呈现极明显的抑制作用(P0.01);浓度分别为50、10mg/mL时,苦地胆内酯类化合物对5种供试菌均有极明显的抑制作用(P0.01)。苦地胆内酯类化合物对供试金黄色葡萄球菌、肠炎沙门氏菌、巴氏杆菌、鸡大肠杆菌、蜡状芽孢杆菌的最小抑菌浓度分别为0.313、0.313、0.156、0.625mg/mL和1.25mg/mL;对蜡状芽孢杆菌的最小杀菌浓度为2.5mg/mL,对其他4种供试菌的最小杀菌浓度均为0.625mg/mL。表明,苦地胆内酯类化合物具有很好的体外抗菌效果。     

日本民主党执政与美日同盟变化

日本政权更迭是亚洲格局发生重大变革的一个最新迹象。民主党在竞选中获胜表明了寻求"更加平等"的日美关系获得了国内民众的认可,这是民主党制定对美政策的国内背景。在国际层面,中国的实力地位已经发生了质的变化,这种变化在日美关系上必然要有所反映,民主党执政则在客观上为日美同盟变化提供了可能。民主党追求自主性的基本方式是构建东亚共同体和更多地参与联合国事务,这预示着:与自民党相比,民主党将更多地以亚洲身份和在多边框架下参与地区和国际事务,而非对美国的一味盲从。民主党对"自主性"的追求并不意味着同盟弱化,相反,在解决朝鲜核问题、防核扩散、能源和环境保护等方面,日美有可能继续加强协调以维持对两国都必不可少的同盟关系。     

国际体系结构与国家行为:一个博弈理论模型

国际体系结构特征对国家间利益分配和国家行为存在重要影响。在单极世界中,参与国的参与剩余将作为垄断租金转移给国家极;两极体系将导致利益反向再分配,即国家极的主导者剩余将作为租金转移给其他参与国家;意识形态冲突、文明冲突和经济地理邻近构成了国际政治交易成本的主要来源,它们决定了国家间政治结盟的基本分布特征。"中心—边缘"命题中存在的边缘地区发展陷阱以及战后日本发展等理论和现实问题,都可以用不同国际体系结构下的国家间博弈进行解释。     

安徽省贸易投资一体化实证分析

80年代以来,安徽省国际贸易和利用外商直接投资（FDI）迅猛发展。该文利用协整检验（Co-integra-tionTest）和格兰杰因果关系检验的方法,运用安徽省1985-2008年数据检验了国际贸易与FDI之间的长期相互关系。实证结果表明：安徽省国际国际贸易与FDI之间的关系是贸易投资一体化。在此基础上,提出安徽省应该注重国际贸易投资政策的协同关系。