孙中山工农观的转变——基于五四运动前后工农运动的考察基于五四运动前后工农运动的考察

孙中山从辛亥革命和两次护法运动的失败以及五四运动和十月革命的胜利中逐渐地认识到:帝国主义和封建军阀是中国革命的真正敌人,工农革命力量才是中国革命的主要动力。因此,孙中山实现了工农观的转变:从轻视脱离工农到重视依靠工农。这一转变进而推动了中国革命向前迈进了一大步。但孙中山工农观的转变是不彻底的,具有时代和阶级的局限性。     

新的四级网考特点及公安院校英语教学对策

自2007年大学英语四、六级考试委员会开始酝酿的网考,2008年在部分高校的学生中开始实施。文章详细介绍了新的大学英语四级网考的特点,并针对公安院校学员容易出现的问题,提出了提高学员的英语听力和口语能力的具体方法,以便更好地适应新的大学英语四级网考。     

重读庐隐:论庐隐对“五四“妇女解放运动的反思

庐隐是中国现代学史上较早对“五四”妇女解放运动进行深化反思的作家之一,在其笔下出现了一系列痉的女性觉醒形象,她们无路可走,只得以“精神的生活”和“精神恋爱”作为对现实生活、实际婚姻的逃避与反抗,庐隐措此揭示出仅仅停留在化层央上的“五四解放运动”妇女的不彻底性与非根本性,并进而从经济制度层面对妇女解放进行了更深 次的思索。庐隐更以新朝代弃妇形象的塑造“五四”妇女解放运动的男性化提出质疑和否定,     

补阳还五汤黄酮类有效成分在Caco-2细胞单层模型的转运特征及对CYP450酶活性的影响

目的 研究补阳还五汤3个黄酮类有效成分（羟基红花黄色素A、毛蕊异黄酮、芒柄花素）在Caco-2细胞单层模型中的转运特征及其在大鼠肝微粒体中对CYP450酶亚型活性的影响。方法 MTT法研究药物在Caco-2细胞单层模型的安全浓度范围,以Caco-2细胞单层模型研究黄酮类有效成分的双向转运机制,以表观渗透系数（Papp）为检测指标,考察时间、浓度以及P-gp抑制剂维拉帕米对转运的影响,利用Cocktail探针法研究药物对CYP450亚型的体外抑制作用。结果 从顶侧（apical, AP）到底外侧（basolateral, BL）（AP→BL）,芒柄花素、毛蕊异黄酮的Papp>10-6 cm/s,表明其吸收性良好,羟基红花黄色素A的Papp为10-6 cm/s,表明其吸收性一般;且三者的转运量随浓度升高和时间延长而显著升高,BL→AP的转运量与AP→BL的转运量的比值小于1.5,其中芒柄花素、毛蕊异黄酮的转运都受到P-gp外排蛋白的外排作用;补阳还五汤黄酮类有效成分明显降低了CYP2E1、CYP1A2酶探针底物的代谢量(P<0.05)。结论 3种黄酮类有效成分在Caco-2细胞模型的转运方式均为被动转运,毛蕊异黄酮与芒柄花素明显受到P-gp的外排作用,补阳还五汤黄酮类有效成分可以增加主要通过CYP2E1、CYP1A2酶代谢的药物浓度。     

Political security: from the 1990s to the Arab Spring

The 1994 Human Development Report (HDR) set out the definition and parameters of political security in fewer than 400 words. It was defined as the prevention of government repression, systematic violation of human rights and threats from militarization. This was intended to establish an agenda that would protect people against states that continued to practice political repression, systematic torture, ill treatment and disappearance. Yet, the concept of political security has evolved in both theory and practice. This has been done through an ongoing debate, which has been shaped more by immediate crises and the practice of international relations, than the parameters set out in the 1994 HDR report. In practice, achieving the ambitions of the political security agenda has become tied to questions of humanitarian assistance and intervention. This was narrowly interpreted throughout the 1990s as a debate surrounding the nature and legitimacy of humanitarian intervention. In the 2000s, this was institutionalized into a Responsibility to Protect agenda, only to see the second decade of the twenty-first century reveal the need for a far more complex and nuanced debate about how this should be carried out.     

Estimating postmortem interval for human cadavers in a sub‐tropical climate using UV‐Vis‐near‐infrared Spectroscopy

Estimating postmortem interval (PMI) of surface found skeletal remains is challenging. This novel study used UV‐Vis‐NIR spectroscopy to scan soil collected from cadaver decomposition islands (CDIs) ranging from 15‐ to 963‐d postmortem and control soils. A decomposition product spectra model (DPS model) was constructed by deducting the control soil spectra from the CDI soil spectra for the estimation of postmortem indices: PMI (d), ADD₄, ADD₁₀, and ADD₂₀. The DPS model (n = 55) was calibrated and subjected to a full cross‐validation. Calibration R² and RPD for the DPS model ranged from 0.97 to 0.99 and from 6.1 to 9.9, respectively, for the four postmortem interval indices. Validation R² and RPD for the DPS model ranged from 0.73 to 0.80 and from 1.9 to 2.2, respectively. The DPS model estimated postmortem intervals for three test CDIs in a clay soil under perennial grassland (test set 1; n = 3) and six CDIs in a sandy soil under a loblolly pine forest (test set 2; n = 6). Test set 1 had PMI prediction ranges from ?69 to ?117 days, ?796 to +832 ADD₄, +552 to +2672 ADD₁₀, and ?478 to ?20 ADD₂₀ of observed PMI. Test set 2 PMI prediction ranged from ?198 to ?65 days, ?9923 to +2629 ADD₄, ?6724 to +1321 ADD₁₀, and ?2850 to +540 ADD₂₀ of observed PMI. Test set 2 had poor predictions for two CDIs, for all measures of postmortem indices resulting in discussion of sampling depth, effect of body mass index (BMI), and scavenging.     

A forensic examination of four popular cross‐platform file‐sharing apps with Wi‐Fi P2P

File‐sharing apps with Wi‐Fi hotspot or Wi‐Fi Direct functions become more popular. They can work on multiple platforms and allow users to transfer files in a concealed manner. However, when criminals use these apps in illegal activities, it becomes an important issue for investigators to find digital evidence on multiple platforms. At present, there are few studies on this topic, and most of them are limited to the single platform problem. In this paper, we propose a forensic examination method for four popular cross‐platform file‐sharing apps with Wi‐Fi hotspot and Wi‐Fi Direct functions: Zapya, SHAREit, Xender, and Feem. We use 22 static and live forensic tools for 11 platforms to acquire, analyze, and classify the forensic artifacts. In our experiments, we find many useful forensic artifacts and classify them into six categories. The experimental results can support law enforcement investigations of digital evidence and provide information for future studies on other cross‐platform file‐sharing apps.     

Towards understanding the contextual role of traditional leadership in the establishment of cyber communities amongst rural people in South Africa: The case of Dr J.S. Moroka Municipality

Abstract

ICT policies instituted over a number of years by the South African government have failed manifestly in establishing cyber communities amongst rural people in South Africa. The authors of this article argue that for rural South African communities to reap the benefits of ‘cyber citizenship’ and Information and Communication Technologies for Development (ICT4D) initiatives, it will be necessary for communities to enable themselves and to take ownership of initiatives to participate in the anticipated South African information society. The authors argue that the success of ICT4D initiatives depends very strongly on an understanding of the interaction of such initiatives with the social context at the local community level. One of the significant aspects of the social context at community level is the role of traditional leaders in these communities. This article examines the role of traditional leadership, with specific reference to the literature on traditional leadership in South Africa and the literature on the role of traditional leadership in ICT4D initiatives, as well as empirical findings from a case study that serves as an example of a ‘typical’ rural community in Mpumalanga, South Africa.     

‘The new Europeans’: the image of the African refugee in European literature

Abstract

This essay examines the representation of African refugees and asylum seekers in European literature in general, as well recent life writings and literature for young adults in particular. Examples will be drawn from writers as diverse as Benjamin Zephaniah and Senait G. Mehari. It is argued that the selected refugee stories invest in narrating an imagined community of ‘the new Europeans’ and thus invite readers to a plural reading of history. Following this train of thought, I am particularly interested in the interplay between images and motifs that evoke and shape various nation-states while illuminating an imagined European community. I therefore seek to excavate a transcultural imagery that characterizes refugee and asylum seekers as the ‘new Europeans’ by utilizing narrative strategies which reflect Paul Ricoeur's ideas about a new ethos for Europe.