Networks in the Policy Process: An International Perspective

Abstract

This article (and more broadly this special issue) indicate that various types of policy networks, including governance networks, social networks, proto‐networks, and issue networks are defining the way that policy processes take place in various parts of the world. By focusing on network behavior in Africa, eastern Europe, and Denmark, it is clear that interorganizational cohesion, accesibility, trust generation, and “framing” issues are central to understanding network policy outcomes. Important implications regarding links between network characteristics and democracy are also suggested.     

执政物理结构与公共绩效分析

提高执政绩效是一个由多重结构构成的多维控制系统。正如考察一个事物,不能忽略其物理结构一样,对于执政绩效的考察,必须看到其结构要素对绩效的制约和影响,如体制结构、层级结构、决策结构、制度结构、机制结构等。任何组织都需要通过某种结构、体制要素,将投入转换为产出。执政组织要将政治投入转化为政治产出,就要对结构关系进行整合,也就是说,提升执政的公共绩效(PublicPerformance),最大限度地实现执政价值和目标,可以在执政物理结构关系上作检测、调适和优化,在它的层级结构、决策结构、技术结构和机制结构等方面下功夫。这也是执政能力建设的一个重要方面。     

政府的“三种能力”:情境认知、组织调适与社会治理

政府组织的功能之一就是实施对社会的管理,而政府管理可以分析出三个要素,即管理环境、管理主体与管理客体.从这一理论视角切入,政府组织的能力就体现在三个方面:一是基于管理环境视角的"情境认知能力",它是政府组织直面环境变化与应对环境挑战的一种能力:二是基于管理主体视角的"组织调适能力",它体现在"适应、控制与变化"的三个环节中:三是基于管理客体视角的"社会治理能力",它体现在政府作用于客体及其社会价值实现的过程中.     

Fragile states

Since the 1990s, states that lack the capacity to discharge their normal functions and drive forward development have been referred to as ‘fragile states’. This article focuses on Africa, which not only has the largest concentration of prototypical fragile states, but has been the focus of attention for scholars, international development agencies, and practitioners. The author reviews competing analyses of the post-colonial African state and concludes that its characteristics of weak institutions, poverty, social inequalities, corruption, civil strife, armed conflicts, and civil war are not original conditions, but are rooted in specific historical contexts. It is essential to understand both the external and internal factors of fragility if such states are to get the assistance and empowerment that they need – not only for the benefit of their impoverished citizens, but also for the sake of global peace, prosperity, and security. Ultimately, it is the citizens of the countries concerned who are responsible for determining when states are no longer fragile – not ‘benevolent’ donors and the international community, whose prime motivation for interventions supposedly to strengthen the state is to ensure that fragile states find their ‘rightful’ places in the hegemonic global order.     

医师专家责任的新视点--兼从医学的角度出发

医疗纠纷是我国近年来的一个社会热点问题,突出表现为医患关系日趋紧张。确定医师的专家责任是解决医疗纠纷的关键,但这是个非常复杂的问题,不仅涉法律知识,而且涉及相关的医学知识。兼从医学角度出发来分析医师的专家责任,可寻求更准确地认定医师的专家责任,使患者的合法权益保护与医学技术发展得以平衡。     

Mano Dura: El Salvador responds to gangs

Although it is increasingly recognised that violence, crime, and associated fear are challenging democratic governance in Latin America, less attention has been paid to the ways in which state responses to crime contribute to the problem. By analysing El Salvador as a case study, this article addresses three key interconnected issues in the debate. First, it explores the dynamic of violence. It then locates youth gangs as violent actors within this context. Finally, it addresses the state response to the growing phenomenon of youth gangs. It is argued that current strategies, dubbed Mano Dura – Iron Fist, employed by the Salvadoran government serve to reveal the fragility of the democratic project, exposing the underside of authoritarianism that remains key to Salvadoran political life in the transitional process from civil war to peace.     

Generosity undermined: the Cotonou Agreement and the African Growth and Opportunity Act

This article argues that Africa's developmental efforts can be greatly enhanced by an improvement in its bargaining power and by a more genuine demonstration of generosity by its trading partners, in particular the developed countries. This generosity entails putting no conditions or restrictions on Africa's products, particularly agricultural exports, and eliminating farm subsidies in developed states. Unless this is done, concessions made to African countries will remain merely symbolic.     

论警察职业道德建设的特殊重要价值

警察职业道德从本质上来说是一种执法权力道德,有它自身的特殊性,如政治性、严厉性、强制性、示范性等。加强警察职业道德建设,有利于警察树立良好的执法形象,维护党和国家在人民群众中的威望;有利于实现执法公正,提高执法效率;有利于社会主义精神文明健康发展。无论是对社会还是对警察个人都具有重要价值。     

Evaluating HIV/AIDS education programmes in Ugandan secondary schools

Although not part of the national curriculum until 2004, HIV/AIDS education has been taught for some time in Ugandan secondary schools through a variety of extracurricular means, including the media, youth groups, drama, music, and Parent–Teacher Associations. This article identifies and evaluates the integration of HIV/AIDS information into the national curriculum in Ugandan secondary schools between 2002 and 2004, based on the viewpoints of administrators, teachers, and students from 76 schools. While most schools did not include HIV/AIDS as part of the formal national curriculum at this time, the information was disseminated through a range of alternative means. The authors identify the most effective of these, discuss the perceived reactions of various stakeholders regarding HIV/AIDS being taught in secondary schools, and make recommendations for curricular reform.     

警察职业心理素质及其培养

警察职业心理素质是指警察职业对其从业人员所要求具备的心理因素的总和,包括警察职业意识、警察职业人格、警察职业智能和职业技能。培养警察职业心理素质对提高警察工作效率具有重要的作用。