The Piper Played to Us All: Orchestrating the Cultural Cold War in the USA, Europe, and Latin America

Review of a recent book on the Congress for Cultural Freedom by British author and documentary filmmaker Frances Stono Saunders, Who Paid the Piper? The CIA and the Cultural Cold War (London: Granta, 1999), leads into an examination of the cold war ideological contest in the United States, Europe, and Latin America. Particular attention is given to the Americas and U.S. efforts to manipulate the social sciences as instruments of hemispheric control. Saunder's book is compared and contrasted to other works on the cultural cold war, while extensive references are provided for further reading and research.     

孙子军事思想与监管安全控制(下)

监狱要提高监管安全控制效能,可借鉴孙子兵法"力与谋、知与行、常与变、静与动"对立统一的军事哲学思想,努力谋求与践行"强制控制与权变控制、信息控制与行动控制、程序控制与随机控制、静态控制与动态控制"相统一的监管安全策略。     

Tajikistan’s Atomised Peace: Approaching Conflict Management from the Ground Up

ABSTRACT

By analysing constitutive everyday peace practices, the article shows that poor socio-economic conditions, rather than political grievances and aspirations, are major sources of an actual and potential discontent in present day Tajikistan. It is argued that peace is atomised in a way that it is upheld through state withdrawal from welfare provision and an ongoing, ever more deepening fragmentation of the social fabric in the context of the precarity accompanying the country’s integration into the global political economy after the Soviet collapse and the subsequent civil war (1992–97). Nevertheless, individuals themselves navigate, domesticate and mitigate conflicts from the ground up.     

Private Security in Guatemala: Pathway to Its Proliferation

It has become common to explain the proliferation of private security services as causally determined by crime rates and institutional weakness. This article on the contrary argues that other explanatory factors need to be emphasised, especially for post‐war societies: institutional trajectories and political processes. The article first presents the present situation of commercial and non‐commercial private security services in Guatemala (private security companies as well as security neighbourhood committees). Against this background it reconstructs mechanisms and critical junctures through which the Guatemalan state had sourced out policing functions to the private sector during the war and traces the reinforcement of these mechanisms in post‐war society. It argues that the proliferation of private security services is an outcome of the reinforcing of an institutional pattern of public security displacement to the private sphere. The continuity of self‐defence and vigilante organisations thereby emerges as a stronger explanatory factor of the proliferation of private security services in post‐war societies than their self‐explained authorisation through high crime rates.     

Military Tribunals or Civilian Prosecution: The Dilemma of Unlawful Enemy Combatants

As twenty first century America grapples with an increasingly amorphous yet sophisticated terrorist threat, it is illuminating to examine the evolving role of military and civilian courts and laws in our history and their relationship to due process and civil liberties during times of conflict. Caught in the gray area are those individuals who came to be designated as unlawful enemy combatants. Not quite soldier, spy, saboteur, or common criminal these new stateless terrorists have been held by some to be at the complete mercy of the Commander-in-Chief. As history has shown, in the wake of armed conflict, executive authority is often enhanced and tolerated in the name of national security. However, when these broadened powers cease to be regarded as an immediate necessity, the levers of politics, the Courts, and diplomacy invariably act to define both the limits on governmental authority as well as the extent of individual protections.     

瑞典社会民主党政坛沉浮的原因及启示

冷战后瑞典社会民主党在政坛上走出了一条“低落——回归——高涨——低落”的“n”字形沉浮轨迹，这一沉浮轨迹的出现既有政治、经济方面的原因，也有科技和社会的原因。执政党在执政时期必须在协调经济社会全面发展的同时关注社会公平、正义和失业等社会问题，必须注重自身建设，必须坚持改革创新，在实践基础上不断进行理论创新和实践创新，使党的路线、方针、政策和行动纲领能更好地满足民众的愿望和要求。     

全面抗战爆发前后张闻天对党的建设的重要贡献

1936年到1938年是中国共产党自身建设的关键时期之一,党内在政治路线调整、思想理论武装、组织建设等方面面临着严峻考验。张闻天针对党内出现的不同的错误倾向,在思想倾向、工作侧重点调整等方面前瞻性地提出各种对策,充分发挥自身在中共党内的特殊地位与影响力,将理论思考及时转化为党务工作的实践,为中共在历史转变的关键时刻保证自身政治上、思想上与组织上的先进性、纯洁性做出了不可替代的特殊贡献。     

抗战前后国人对日本新闻业的观察与认知

20世纪20~30年代，正值日本现代新闻业逐步沦为日本军阀势力宣传工具的关键时期。在抗日救亡运动中，国人对日本新闻事业变化高度关注。他们一方面以新闻专业的视角，对近代日本新闻事业的种种进步给予赞赏与推介；另一方面又站在民族立场上，用理性与科学地分析，揭露批判日本新闻业日益严重的军国主义倾向。抗战前，中国新闻界对日本新闻事业进行了客观分析和准确预判，具有鲜明的理性特征。     

冷战后影响中日关系的结构性因素检验

在影响中日关系的众多因素中，结构性因素是非常重要的。文章在梳理了之前学者对中日关系影响因素研究的基础上，选取了几项论及比较集中的影响因素进行检验，并对其进行了概念操作化，将其定量为可以分析的具体指标。在数据的选用上，文章选择了1991年-2011年中日关系及各项影响指标的相关数据，并分别对每项指标进行二元回归分析。研究发现，影响中日关系的结构性矛盾是现实存在的，东亚格局的变化和中国的崛起都会使中日关系下降，而中美关系的改善不仅不能使中日关系得到改善，反而会加剧中日之间的矛盾和对抗，这一点与许多学者提出的“日本在对华战略上跟随美国脚步”的观点相反。     

Contagious insecurity: war,SARS and global air mobility

Neglect of the cross-cutting confluences between different domains of security can lead to insular notions of global security as well as to lost opportunities for security sensitive contributions to the adjoining issue areas. This article attempts to overview the patterns of interactions during three security scenarios of early 2003: wars, as, for example, the War against Terror and the war in Iraq; pandemics such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS); and air mobility. The overview approach is meant to draw attention to the synoptic interplay between global security scenarios that go beyond the usual disciplinary and conceptual boundaries separating security studies, global health and mobility infrastructures. How does the context of war amplify other security concerns? What were the synoptic interactions within temporally situated ‘bundles’ of security-related concerns? How did global air mobility politics and pandemic politics construct their combined security problematiques? The main research findings point to the relatively unique yet momentary qualities of the emergent nexus of security scenarios. This sheds light on the difficulties of managing pandemic diseases as purely epidemiological processes, on the complexities of securing global air mobility networks, and on how tense situations are prone to lead to speculative projections as people's fears find different somatic, material and political manifestations. The primary material for the textual analysis is provided by World Health Organization's SARS chronology.