“战后法”视野下联合国维和行动机制的制度化革新简

维持和平行动作为联合国维护国际和平与安全的一种重要方式,在避免冲突和恢复和平方面起到了重要作用.当前维和行动对传统维和原则的突破是国际环境变化和联合国实践相互作用的结果,维和行动由“冷却冲突”到“解决冲突”的嬗变也面临着许多困境,“战后法”为维和行动提供了新的理论基础和法律语境,能力建设是它对维和行动提出的新的要求,它有助于推动维和行动向更加系统化和规范化的方向发展.     

To Serve and Survey: French Gendarmes as International Police in Peacebuilding Missions in Bosnia and Kosovo

ABSTRACT

This article scrutinises everyday practices of French gendarmes who were sent as international police in UN and NATO missions in Bosnia and Kosovo. Drawing on qualitative material, it argues that their encounters on the ground largely shaped their practices. Rather than melting into the internationalised peacebuilding milieu, gendarmes endeavoured to serve and survey, that is, to establish relationships with civilian populations as a means to collect security-related intelligence for their national government. The sociology of peacebuilding encounters on the ground thus unveils Peaceland’s social divides and invites to take into account the historicity of the peacebuilders’ societies.     

保加利亚对外政策重点

保加利亚对外政策是政府的一项职能,应遵循宪法中有关国体的原则。对外政策的重点决定着目前政府的决策和外交上的业绩,目标在于为社会的发展和繁荣建立最有利的内外部环境,其中包括:加入北约和欧盟,在联合国安理会担任非常任理事国,在欧安会任主席国,发展双边与多边地区合作,发展欧洲-大西洋伙伴关系,并与俄罗斯等独联体国家、中东各国、亚太地区国家发展双边往来。在亚洲伙伴当中,中国占据着比较重要的地位,两国建交55年来,一直保持着良好的双边关系,不存在悬而未决的问题或政治矛盾。     

中国对联合国维持和平行动的态度

中国对联合国维和行动所持有的观念不是一成不变的,其变化动因主要取决于维和行动在各个历史时期的客观表现及中国政府对其性质的主观认定。20世纪50、60年代,中国将“联合国军”看作是帝国主义的警察部队,因此对联合国维和行动保持高度警惕,并勇敢地揭露其“侵略罪行”;70年代,中国对联合国维和行动仍有提防,采取冷静观察的态度;80年代,中国政府逐渐认同维和作用,主动参与维和;90年代至今,中国在维和行动中扮演重要角色。中国政府的积极参与有助于保持维和行动的代表性和活力,有利于维和行动未来的健康发展。     

美国在安理会的行为——以海湾战争为例

在联合国改革呼声高涨的今天,安理会能否形成海湾战争期间的合作模式意义重大。五大常任理事国应考虑各成员国的外交需求和民族利益、事先取得一致,以此提高效率。理性使用否决权将是安理会进步的标志,表明安理会有能力消除威胁和平与安全的因素、挽救深陷困苦或濒临灭绝的生命。     

论国际反腐公约中滥用职权罪的特点——兼与我国刑法滥用职权罪比较

《联合国反腐败公约》是第一项全球性反腐败法律文书,对形成国际反腐败斗争的总体格局和健全完善我国的反腐败法律制度及对外开展反腐败国际合作具有重要和深远影响。《公约》第19条规定的滥用职权罪与我国刑法第397条滥用职权罪比较,两者既有联系又有区别,各有利弊。公约的这一规定对完善我国相关立法具有一定的借鉴作用。     

A changing world: is the UN development system ready?

This article examines five contemporary areas of development concern that have become major drivers of global transformation since the turn of the millennium: the plight of fragile states; the emergence of new powers and new development funds in a changing aid landscape; the need for developing countries to manage the growing resources at their disposal; encroachments on the political sovereignty of states; and new global challenges that demand global action, including climate change, migration, and food security. These drivers of change call for responses from the UN – and in particular its development system of some 30 organisations. The ongoing protracted debate on the future UN development agenda should take cognisance of these changes if the system is to remain relevant after 2015. But the signs are not promising that either the agenda or the UN development system are up to the task.     

The contested spaces of civil society in a plural world: norm contestation in the debate about restrictions on international civil society support

Civil society organizations are facing increasing political restrictions all over the world. Frequently, these restrictions apply to the foreign funding of NGOs and thus curtail the space for external civil society support, which, since the 1990s, has become a key element in international democracy and human rights promotion. This so-called ‘closing space’ phenomenon has received growing attention by civil society activists, policymakers and academics. Existing studies (and political responses), however, neglect the crucial normative dimension of the problem at hand: As we show, the political controversy over civil society support is characterized by norm contestation, and this contestation reveals competing perceptions of in/justice and touches upon core principles of contemporary world order. Taking this dimension into account is essential if we are to academically understand, and politically respond to, the ‘closing space’ challenge. It is also highly relevant with regard to current debates on how to conceptualize and construct order in a world that is plural in many regards and in which liberal norms are fundamentally contested. Empirically, the paper combines an assessment of the global debate about closing space in the UN Human Rights Council with an analysis of a specific controversy over the issue in US-Egyptian relations.     

联合国安理会改革的程序与决策--以对日本的影响为中心

随着60届联大的闭幕,围绕着扩大安理会进行的一系列论战也告一段落。但是由此引发的各种问题,如联合国的发展方向、安理会的作用以及联合国改革的未来影响等都值得去重新思考。在这些问题中,安理会的扩大、加入的程序、成员国的资格等也都需要再继续认真研究。对于所有国家来说,加入安理会常任理事国涉及程序性的问题,也涉及策略性的问题,这些问题不解决就无法实现“常任梦”。从这种意义上说,日本“争常”的思想与行为对于深入研究联合国改革及其影响具有典型意义。