儿童兵规范的演变:国内武装冲突局势下的儿童保护

冷战结束后,在国内武装冲突中,儿童沦为国家武装部队与武装组织招募的对象。儿童兵的出现在某种程度上使得儿童从武装冲突的受害者转变为施暴者,导致国内武装冲突更加血腥、更难结束。为说服武装冲突各方放弃招募和使用儿童兵、打破"冲突—招募—冲突"的恶性循环,联合国及其相关机构采取了诸多举措,积极致力于倡导和传播儿童兵规范,把武装冲突局势中的儿童保护问题提升至国际与国内的和平与安全议程。从理论层面而言,儿童兵规范兴起与传播的动力和逻辑值得关注。第一,联合国及其相关机构作为规范倡导者,在儿童兵规范的兴起、发展与扩散阶段发挥了重要作用。第二,儿童兵规范的传播对象突破了国家行为体的范畴,日益重视对武装组织等非国家行为体的教化。第三,儿童兵的议题特征也有助于其规范的广泛传播。第四,时代背景也为儿童兵规范的兴起和传播创造了有力的政治条件。     

Gendering the Rwanda Defence Force: A Critical Assessment

Over the past five years the Government of Rwanda has placed renewed emphasis on increasing the number of female military personnel and gender mainstreaming the Rwanda Defence Force (RDF). This article examines the efforts made by the RDF since 2007 to meet these strategic requirements and integrate women into the national security organ. It is suggested that, in spite of Rwanda's success in bringing women into the political sphere, women are still reluctant to join the military. It is argued that prevailing societal values and attitudes, conflicting narratives within official discourse about the role of women as security actors, resource constraints and the RDF's emphasis on ‘gender equality’ are barriers to achieving RDF goals. Drawing on in-depth interviews with RDF military personnel and government officials, as well as documentary research, the article first provides an overview of the Rwandan government's approach to mobilizing women to securitize the state, before examining how the RDF aims to progress the Women, Peace and Security (WPS) agenda nationally and within local communities. The article then reflects on some of the factors that are hindering the recruitment and retention of female military personnel.     

联合国的人权思想与实践

联合国自创立以来,构建和发展了一套以《联合国宪章》和《世界人权宣言》为核心的人权公约体系,并通过实践形成了人权思想和理论,创造了实现人权思想的论坛和机制。中国承认《世界人权宣言》的基本思想,以积极、务实的态度参加国际人权条约,完善国内立法,努力把发展的思想结合到人权实践中,对联合国的人权思想和实践具有重大意义。     

国际青年权利法的历史考察

作为一门交叉学科,国际青年权利法建立在国际社会关于青年权利的决议、声明、文献等基础之上。它自12世纪开始萌芽,20世纪以来特别是国际联盟及联合国成立以后关于青年问题的一系列决议使之正式成为一门学科。当今时代,国际青年权利包括青年的教育、健康、就业、参与等方面。这些是全球青年普遍面临的共同问题,也是各国和国际社会应该保护和推动解决的当今时代青年的基本权益。     

The Rise of Statutory Wills and the Limits of Best Interests Decision‐Making in Inheritance

This article addresses ‘statutory wills’ executed under the Mental Capacity Act 2005 (MCA) for persons with impaired mental capacity. The article provides an overview of the historical development of statutory wills, before exploring their rising contemporary significance. It considers the shift from the previous ‘hypothetical substituted judgment’ test to the contemporary ‘best interests’ orientation of the MCA. The article assesses the problems that the best interests approach raises in this area, and its (in)compatibility with the right to equal recognition before the law under the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, arguing that the pervasive reach of best interests in contemporary mental capacity law requires reconsideration. The paper concludes by suggesting that a more limited framing of the power to execute statutory wills is required in order to appropriately balance the rights of individuals with disabilities with practical considerations around the distribution of assets on death.     

The Rule of Law as a Vehicle for Intervention

Until recently, the concept of the ‘rule of law' (ROL) was exclusively used in relation to the domestic legal order of the state. Over the last two decades, however, it has entered the vocabulary of international legal scholars and experts. This journey of ROL from the domestic to the international sphere has provoked fierce debates between practitioners of international law, notably because, far from being a mere doctrinal controversy, it gave rise to practices impinging on the exercise of power at the international level and enabling diverse international experts to interfere in internal affairs of target states. This article argues that, in a somewhat paradoxical way, these developments impair the concept of ROL rather than expanding it into new domains. Indeed, while the established concept of ROL to a certain extent presupposed the principles of sovereignty and non-intervention, current reformulations of ROL weaken them while making new interventionist practices easier. Analysis of the legal rationalizations used in the context of contemporary EU and UN crisis management operations makes this clear. Drawing on insights gained from legal theory and international political sociology, this article highlights how the concept of ROL cannot simply be transposed into the ‘international' realm without hampering its internal coherence.     

安理会的扩大与《联合国宪章》的修改 --法律角度的修宪程序分析

安理会的扩大须经过对《宪章》的修改才能完成。在《宪章》规定的两种修宪程序中,第108条模式”是目前修宪时最可能采用的模式。即首先联大通过修正案决议,然后交由会员国批准。操作中,每个步骤又可以有“一揽子”或“分项”的不同处理,因而产生出可以选择的操作步骤组合。目前各方对安理会扩大方案的最大争议在于,是否增加常任理事国。增常与否两种选择在争取《宪章》修改的操作层面也存在不同。对于追求“增常”的方案,最有效的程序选择是:在联大讨论阶段,采取分项讨论和分别通过决议的方式(第一个决议确立增加常任理事国;第二个再确定新增者名单);在批准阶段寻求一揽子的批准。对于支持和反对者,第一个决议能否通过是成败的关键。     

“人道主义干涉”的国际法学批判

“人道主义干涉”的理论是主权与人权理论中的一个重要组成部分。近代国际法上形成了传统意义上的“人道主义干涉”及其理论 ,但是 ,《联合国宪章》制定以后 ,“人道主义干涉”及其理论被国际法所否定和摒弃。西方学者对“人道主义干涉”的理论存在着二种对立的观点。主张“人道主义干涉”为合法的观点 ,成了西方国家侵犯别国主权、武装干涉别国内政的借口和工具。我国学者普遍否定“人道主义干涉”及其理论 ,但也存在着模糊的观点 ,混淆了与联合国体制下人道主义救援的本质区别。“人道主义干涉” ,不仅在理论上是错误的 ,而且是违背国际法的 ,其实质是否定国家主权、干涉别国内政。联合国安理会采取的执行行动 ,是对于威胁和平、破坏和平以及侵略行为的应付办法 ,安理会对于严重侵犯人权的国家采取的军事行动 ,其真正目的仍然是为了维护国际和平与安全 ,而不是单纯的为了一国的人权问题进行干预 ,更不是所谓的“人道主义干涉”。     

解读《联合国反腐败公约》——兼谈完善我国贿赂犯罪立法

<联合国反腐败公约>对贿赂犯罪的罪名体系、构成要件、反腐败中的特殊侦查、污点证人等问题作了较为详尽的规定.而我国现行刑事法律制度与之相比尚有一定差别.结合<联合国反腐败公约>规定,我们应建立相应的符合我国国情的、更加完善的贿赂犯罪罪名体系、构成要件,在刑事诉讼中引入特殊侦查、污点证人等手段完善打击贿赂犯罪的法律机制.     

大国协调与跨区域安全治理

大国协调作为一种重要的多边安全机制，从成员的来源和所涉及的核心层次看，大国协调可分为区域、跨区域和全球三种形态。冷战后，由于体系层次和单元层次发生了重大改变，大国协调在区域安全治理中兴起。跨区域大国协调在新的历史条件下遵循了协调机制的一般规范与规则：一致性、合法性、责任性、包容性和自我克制。同时，它也具有突出的时代特点和独特功能：一是大国协调的会议成果被联合国安理会所认可、接受，与集体安全机制出现了紧密融合的新趋势；二是区域组织加入到大国协调的会议进程中来，发挥建设性作用，如柬埔寨问题解决中的东盟和伊朗核问题大国会谈中的欧盟。跨区域大国协调以大国为主导，具有鲜明的多边特性，对冷战后的国际安全治理体系、区域安全以及美国的唯一超级大国地位都产生了深刻影响。中国作为新兴大国，尤应重视跨区域大国协调的作用，因为它既为区域层次上的东亚安全合作，也为突破历史困境，实现“崛起国”和“守成国”在国际体系内和平共存、共同为国际社会供给公共产品，提供了可以借鉴的路径选择。