论联合国可持续发展机构改革的国际法问题——以RIO＋20议程为视角

2012年联合国可持续发展大会确立的RIO＋20议程对国际可持续发展的机构改革问题作出了重大调整。虽历经20年的积累,与可持续发展有关的国际法规范松散而总体缺乏约束力。RIO＋20后联合国创设了可持续发展高级别政治论坛以取代可持续发展委员会,但未来联合国可持续发展机构改革的方向仍需以环境议题为主,探索不同形式和不同重点的组织模式,以促进国际可持续发展目标的实现。     

Gendering the Rwanda Defence Force: A Critical Assessment

Over the past five years the Government of Rwanda has placed renewed emphasis on increasing the number of female military personnel and gender mainstreaming the Rwanda Defence Force (RDF). This article examines the efforts made by the RDF since 2007 to meet these strategic requirements and integrate women into the national security organ. It is suggested that, in spite of Rwanda's success in bringing women into the political sphere, women are still reluctant to join the military. It is argued that prevailing societal values and attitudes, conflicting narratives within official discourse about the role of women as security actors, resource constraints and the RDF's emphasis on ‘gender equality’ are barriers to achieving RDF goals. Drawing on in-depth interviews with RDF military personnel and government officials, as well as documentary research, the article first provides an overview of the Rwandan government's approach to mobilizing women to securitize the state, before examining how the RDF aims to progress the Women, Peace and Security (WPS) agenda nationally and within local communities. The article then reflects on some of the factors that are hindering the recruitment and retention of female military personnel.     

When Managerialism Meets Internationalism: Administrative Reform in the United Nations in the 1970s

This article examines whether reform ideas that gained influence in national-level bureaucracies in the 1970s were also on the United Nations’ internal agenda. The Joint Inspection Unit (Bertrand) Report of 1971 is the focus of this analysis, as it addressed personnel problems in the UN Secretariat and identified structural shortcomings. Our analysis shows that New Public Management ideas were in circulation in the UN at this time. It also demonstrates the different pressures that international bureaucracies face in regard to their personnel. This is likely to make their responses to reform pressures, such as those experienced in the 1970s, unique.     

谈惩治国际恐怖主义犯罪的立法及合作

国际恐怖主义犯罪自美国“9.11”事件后日益受到国际社会的关注,并相应采取了积极应对措施。中国一贯坚持反恐立场,在刑法中也有明文规定,但需补充和完善。针对当前国际恐怖主义犯罪呈上升趋势,各国应确立惩治国际恐怖主义犯罪集体安全观,联合国应发挥主导作用,加强国际立法与合作,以打击国际恐怖主义犯罪。     

The Place of Wishes and Feelings in Best Interests Decisions: Wye Valley NHS Trust v Mr B

In Wye Valley NHS Trust v Mr B the Court of Protection decided that it was not in the best interests of Mr B to receive amputation surgery against his will, notwithstanding that he would die without the treatment. The judge met with Mr B in person and his best interests decision placed significant weight on Mr B's wishes and feelings. This case note considers this influential case in the context of ongoing debate about the place of wishes and feelings in best interests decisions under the Mental Capacity Act 2005. It considers the history of the best interests principle, its interpretation by the Supreme Court in Aintree University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust v James, ongoing debates about its compatibility with Article 12 of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, and recent proposals by the Law Commission for statutory amendments to the Mental Capacity Act.     

Are older deafblind people being left behind? A narrative review of literature on deafblindness through the lens of the United Nations Principles for Older People

Underpinned by the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRDP), Agenda 2030 and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) is the international goal to ‘leave no one behind’. However, the World Federation of the Deafblind have argued that deafblind people have been excluded from international welfare and disability development programmes. Despite making up the majority of the deafblind population, it appears that older deafblind people are particularly invisible. The paper builds on the earlier work of others, which translated the UN Principles for Older Persons into the language of older visually impaired adults, by using them here as the lens for a narrative review of the literature on older deafblind people. It argues that existing research demonstrates that older deafblind people are not only being ‘left behind’ in benefitting from implementation of the UN Principles, but also that the focus of the UN Principles themselves risks maintaining or enhancing their exclusion. Further research and policy development with older deafblind people is required to ensure that international and national social welfare policies and provision are not nugatory to the older deafblind population.     

对区域性国际组织运用武力的法律控制浅析

区域组织运用武力在新的世纪中更引人关注。在联合国宪章体系下,区域组织运用武力有三种类型。其中,集体自卫和授权型运用武力对及时有效地反对地区霸权主义、维护国际和平与安全具有重要意义。但从国际关系实践来看,区域组织运用武力尤其是授权型运用武力存在着较多问题,只有对其实行有效控制,才能发挥区域组织在维护国际和平与安全方面的作用。     

论后冷战时期联合国否决权的改革

联合国宪章赋予五大国的否决权是二战后大国最终妥协的结果,多年来,这一制度一直对联合国安理会的决策过程起着至关重要的作用.随着冷战的结束,世界格局发生变化,否决权的基础也相应改变,其改革势在必行,国际关系的变化也使得这项改革具有可行性.使安理会的决策更为合理以有利于维护世界和平,是衡量各种改革方法的标准.     

从《联合国反腐败公约》看我国境外追缴腐败犯罪所得国际合作制度的完善

中国已成为腐败犯罪资金的重大流出国,大量腐败犯罪资金流向国外,直接威胁着国家的金融秩序和经济安全。2003年签署的《联合国反腐败公约》 (以下简称《公约》)在境外追缴腐败犯罪所得(以下简称犯罪所得)国际合作制度方面提出了比较完善的针对性的措施,跟《公约》相比, 我国境外追缴腐败犯罪所得国际合作制度方面还存在很多问题,本文试从我国境外追缴腐败犯罪所得国际合作制度存在的主要问题及其完善展开论述。     

和平利用海洋与海上军事行动

和平利用海洋是1982年《联合国海洋法公约》的主题。《公约》通过限定海洋活动形式、规定海洋争端解决方法以及倡导加强国际合作的方式促进海洋的和平利用。和平利用海洋并不意味着禁止一切海上军事行动,但也确实对海上军事行动构成一定的限制。为实现海洋的和平利用,各国的海上军事行动应符合《联合国宪章》、《公约》和其他国际法规则的规定。此外,加强海上军事互信与安全合作也是解决有关国家海上“安全困境”,维护海洋和平的重要途径。