统一战线系统的构成

要了解统一战线是怎样形成和发展的 ,要把握性质不同的各个要素是如何协同与合作的 ,就要深入阐明统一战线系统的构成。从大的方面来看 ,对统一战线进行系统分析 ,可以包括三个方面 ,即统一战线是由什么构成的 ,是怎样构成的 ,以及该构成方式(即结构)对统一战线系统存在和发展的作用。     

Federalism, Political Structure, and Public Policy in the United States and Canada

Two of the three large countries on the North American continent—the United States and Canada—share a number of similarities that often make it difficult for the untrained observer to differentiate between the two nations. On the surface, the two are structured similarly as federal systems that, by definition, exhibit shared power between the national government and provincial or state political entities.Although there are other important social and economic characteristics of the two countries that help explain differences in policy processes and outcomes, it is the contention of this article that one gets the clearest sense of what Elazar has called thinking federal by utilizing an analytical approach that joins questions related to federalism with some conceptual frameworks of the public policy field. Two frameworks undergird the argument in this article—the Lowi typology of different types of policies and Deil Wright's typology of different models that describe the American inter-governmental system.In both countries, policies must be sensitive to the greater interdependencies between units of government as well as to linkages between policy areas. The mechanisms or instrumentalities for dealing with policy issues are intrinsically complex. It is also clear that the intergovernmental networks that exist in both the U.S. and Canada are composed of an array of actors. The differing political structures of the systems do impact the types of intergovernmental policies that have emerged in the two countries. The executive dominance so imbedded in Canadian governments has contributed to their ability to adopt and implement certain controversial redistributive policies, such as a national health insurance program. By contrast, the fragmentation of the U.S. system makes redistributive policies more difficult.     

Striking hard rock veins. Multinational Corporations and Miners’ Unions in Mexico and the United States, 1906-1952

ABSTRACT

This paper analyzes simultaneous strikes during the first half of the 20th century in North America. The transformation of production in copper, lead, zinc, and silver mining districts determined the formation of a working class that operated between Mexico and the United States. Therefore, the labor conflicts combined market circumstances and management-imposed homologation of work structures across firm divisions with the international coordination of miners. The paper describes the emergence, growth, and demise of a regional industrial system.     

Commonwealth Small States,Education and Environmental Uncertainty: Learning from the Sharp End

ABSTRACT

This paper examines the Commonwealth’s inclusive role in engaging with the distinctive challenges of education provision in small states, an agenda that is often neglected elsewhere. We examine the origins of Commonwealth work on education in small states, the nature of its comparative advantage, its role in facilitating small states’ engagement with international education dialogue and regional co-operation, and the demand and potential for ongoing Commonwealth support for education. Particular attention is given to experience within the Caribbean region and to the potential for the Commonwealth and the wider international community to learn from small states in the light of their distinctive educational challenges, achievements and priorities – and, most notably, their experience at the ‘sharp end’ of environmental uncertainty and climate change.     

Kazakhstani public opinion of the United States and Russia: testing variables of (un)favourability

ABSTRACT

Though Central Asia is often studied through the prism of its relationships with external powers, research on local public perceptions of these different actors has largely been overlooked. The literature on Kazakhstanis’ perceptions of their neighbours, for instance, is scarce, and mostly focused on analysis of official discourse on Kazakhstan’s multi-vector policy, with little exploration of how this is received, appropriated or refuted by the population. On the basis of Gallup data spanning the last decade, and several other surveys, we test most of the main hypotheses usually advanced to explain attitudes to the US and Russia – age, ethnicity and access to information – and draw five main conclusions: (1) Kazakhstanis are not defined by an exclusive pro-US/pro-Russian dichotomy; (2) they nevertheless largely choose Russia over the US if forced to pick; (3) age does not have a significant effect on foreign policy attitudes; (4) ethnicity does affect some of the attitudes under consideration, but its effects are not large enough to produce markedly different opinions among ethnic Kazakhs and ethnic Russians in aggregate; and (5) consumption of media from Russia and access to non-governmental and Western sources of information do not seem to have significant effects on the attitudes under consideration.     

国家自卫权的实施与打击国际恐怖主义

国家自卫权的实施限制是:受到武装攻击;自卫应在安理会采取必要办法之前;向安理会报告实施的自卫措施并在安理会的监督下进行。此外,国家自卫权的实施必须符合国际法已确立的"必要"和"相称"的原则。在反恐实践中,受害国已经成为武力攻击的主体;武力攻击主体和自卫对象出现不一致;实施国家自卫权的地域延展;实施国家自卫权的时间已经不限于武力攻击的当时或较短暂的准备期之后;国家自卫权的实施主体更加复杂,强度超过必要、合理和不过分的要求。打击恐怖主义是国际社会的一项长期而艰巨的任务;国家自卫权只是合法使用武力的一种例外情况;在未来的国际法发展中,对国家自卫权的实施仍应予以严格的限制。     

中国国家利益与美国主导的国际反恐利益的重合与排异——兼论中国外交空间的开辟和外交资源的利用

国际恐怖主义与国际反恐斗争引起国际关系的急剧变化和大国关系的调整.大国关系的调整及缓和源于大国安全观念的变化.尽管中国国家安全利益与美国主导的国际反恐利益之间存在一些分歧,但也有较多利益交汇与重合.这为中国外交提供了更为广阔的活动空间,也为中国积累了新的外交资源.中国可着力于外交空间的开辟和外交资源的利用,扩大"两个利益"间的共同点,同时,缩小并弥合分歧,从根本上维护中国国家安全利益.     

江泽民关于统一战线地位的理论阐释

江总书记在全国统战工作会议上提出,统一战线是党的工作全局中的一个极为重要的方面."极为重要"四个字,高度概括了统一战线在党的工作全局中的地位,继承了毛泽东、邓小平的统一战线思想,是对党的统一战线理论的一个新的发展.     

2008年以来民进党修补与美国互信关系的效果及前景分析

2008年民进党下台以来，持续透过访美、恢复驻美代表处、在两岸政策和对美政策上积极迎合美国等做法，修补与美国的互信关系，为其重返执政创造条件。民进党对美示好的做好虽得到美方善意回应，但因民进党拒绝放弃“台独”立场，无法提出令美放心的两岸政策新主张，因此双方互信提升程度有限，美始终对民进党重新执政充满疑虑。因受美国对台战略考虑、民进党两岸政策转型的复杂性等因素制约，未来双方关系的发展前景充满变数。     

联合国侦查阶段法律援助工作的新发展——刑事司法早期阶段法律援助联合国非正式专家组会议述评

国际社会重视在刑事诉讼程序中提供法律援助服务对于保障经济困难的犯罪嫌疑人、被告人、受害人和证人等合法权益的意义。会议讨论了法律援助概念界定、侦查阶段法律援助权利的落实、民间组织的作用、法律援助培训及部门协作等内容。在加强成员国刑事法律援助制度能力建设，发挥法律援助在实现刑事司法公正的作用方面，有所助益。