杭州市青年创业环境及优化对策分析

创业是青年参与社会实践的重要形式,也是青年努力寻求梦想实现的平台。创业受到内外部主客观环境的制约。杭州在打造创业型城市的过程中,一定程度上改善了青年创业的环境。杭州青年对杭州创业环境的整体评价较好。同时,杭州青年的创业环境也存在这样四个突出问题：政府针对青年的创业优惠政策宣传不到位,政府项目的可用性不强;青年的创业价值观存在偏差;共青团等青年组织的作用有待加强。解决这些问题,可以从三个方面努力：完善青年创业的政策法制环境,优化青年创业的人文环境,共青团应成为青年创业的组织支撑。     

我国政策评价方法的构建

政策评价方法是指在政策评价过程中所采用的方法,我国目前没有政策评价法相关法律的规范,亦没有对政策评价方法做出明确的规定。本文从构建我国政策评价的重要性出发,简述我国政策评价制度存在的问题,并分析其原因,介绍我国在实践中所运用的政策评价方法,提出推动成本——收益评价方法与公众满意度评价方法的建议。     

“全面二孩”政策背景下生育对女性养老金的影响——以广东省为例

本文基于对广东省的问卷调查分析认为,生育孩子数量对女性养老金有显著影响,女性会因生育遭受“养老金惩罚”,且“二孩”生育女性遭受的养老金损失高于“一孩”生育女性。可见,“生育收入惩罚”效应不仅作用于女性职业生涯期间,还作用于女性年老退休以后。因此,应坚持性别平等的原则,完善退休制度和公共托育服务,合理制定缴费年限、缴费指数、账户设置等社会养老保险制度标准,以削减女性“生育养老金惩罚”,提升“全面二孩”政策的实施效果。     

The Unintended Consequences of the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership Negotiations

ABSTRACT

Although stalled since 2016, the negotiations on a Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) have had major unintended consequences. The TTIP led to demands from third countries to upgrade their trade relationship with the EU and to unprecedented politicisation. As second-order effects of the latter, it endangered the EU-Canada trade agreement and brought about reform of EU trade governance and amendments to EU trade policy positions. These unintended consequences occurred because of inflated expectations about and insufficient awareness of the different nature of TTIP with regard to scope and partner compared to other trade negotiations. In the meantime, EU trade policy has adapted to the new politics of trade, making unintended consequences less likely.     

京津冀劳动政策的差异与协同

跨部门和地区协同是国家治理现代化的重要实现形式,对于京津冀协同发展亦具有至关重要的影响。将政策文献与治理实践进行有效的“对话”,以1997年京津冀进入一体化实质发展阶段以来三地公布的劳动政策文件为分析文本,结合京津冀协同治理实践,考察京津冀府际间政策文本差异与协同特征。分析发现,在一统体制和中央顶层设计背景下,京津冀劳动市场一体化趋势明显,劳动政策内容和数量协同逐渐增多,但在有效治理与利益驱动下存在央地目标设置错位等现象;京津冀劳动政策协同与差异并存,进而形成对区域协同治理的双刃剑效应。     

The Welfare Conventions Approach: A Comparative Perspective on Social Impact Bonds

Abstract

The Social Impact Bond (SIB) is a new funding mechanism for welfare programs. It is supposed to create savings for the public sector from which private returns can be deducted. Presented as a purely technical solution, SIBs discard their political morality. The Welfare Convention Approach (WCA) is designed for studying SIBs as disputed and versatile welfare apparatuses. It is claimed that elements from diverse historical welfare conventions (the philanthropic, communitarian, civic, market, full employment, entrepreneurial, financial, and behavioral) reveal the diverse institutional conflicts and compromises of SIBs at the time they are implemented. In so doing, the WCA informs comparative research on SIBs.     

Correctional officers and the use of force as an organizational behavior

During the past 30 years, bureaucratic managerialism has reshaped how prison staff maintain order. Policies and graduated disciplinary models have replaced coercive methods, reducing disciplinary use of force by prison staff against incarcerated people. Managerialism, however, disguises deep problems in the interpretation and enforcement of use-of-force policies. Drawing on 131 semistructured interviews with Canadian correctional officers (COs), I show how managers and prison staff interpret and negotiate policies to justify using force to maintain order. Although COs frame policies and management supervision as significant checks on their actions, they also suggest that inconsistencies in policy interpretation and implementation facilitate certain kinds of use-of-force decisions, which I define as “construction” and “outsourcing.” I conclude by discussing the broader organizational implications of these findings.     

The scramble for resources: African case studies

China's renewed interest in Africa's resources is a mixed blessing. China is offering infrastructure packages that are especially attractive for post‐conflict countries but it is also helping countries with poor governance to avoid western pressure for economic and democratic reform.     

竞争中立对我国国有企业的影响及法制应对

竞争中立政策的实施能够有效促进国有企业与民营企业之间的公平竞争,在优化社会资源配置的同时,提升国有企业自身的经营效益。目前我国国有企业在经营中仍享受着诸多的不当竞争优势,对此,应在结合域外制度经验的基础上,以竞争中立政策的适用主体与范围为切入点,依据竞争中立政策的基本要求,以政府职能分离规则、防止交叉补贴规则、透明度规则以及合理豁免规则为基本导向,对我国当前的相关法律制度进行检讨和完善。竞争中立政策要求我们必须立足于当前经济发展的实际,积极参与国际谈判,争取话语权,为今后我国国有企业乃至整个社会经济的健康、持续发展创造良好的市场环境和法制保障。     

“法治”视野下“严打”政策的再度审视——兼采经济学的方法

对"严打"政策的再度审视应是多方面的,而效应与教训则是其极其重要的内容。"严打"政策既有正面效应,也有负面效应。"严打"政策的正面效应是短暂的社会稳定,并可得到经济学的说明;"严打"政策的负面效应是长远的,它不仅在观念上一度侵蚀着我们的法治信仰,动摇我们的公平正义感,而且在客观上酿成了新的对抗和秩序紊乱。"严打"政策的负面效应同样能够得到经济学的说明。从"严打"政策的负面效应中,我们所能得到的是"严打"政策的教训,并且其教训可得到经济学和犯罪学的共同说明。"严打"政策的教训将使得我们在应对犯罪、谋求稳定和实现"法治化"的道路上方向更加明确,步伐更加坚定,并将使得"宽严相济"政策在社会转型和风险多元的特殊历史时期得到更加稳妥有效的推行,从而助益于"法治国"的发展。