日本农业支持政策及对中国的启示

日本通过农业支持政策对农业实施保护,其保护程度在发达国家中是比较高的。日本的农业支持政策经过了高关税、严格价格控制、农业经济协调发展、注重生态保护4个阶段。现行的农业支持政策存在粮食管制制度严格、关税保护政策引发的利益损失、农协负面作用等问题,目前正通过发放专项补助、改变农业结构、改进农协功能等措施对现行农业支持政策进行改革。研究日本的农业支持政策,将对中国有重要的启示作用。     

Agricultural policy in Russia and WTO accession

This article analyzes the implications of World Trade Organization (WTO) accession for Russian agricultural policy. Using Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) data on producer support from 2010, we identify two major characteristics of Russian agricultural and trade policy (a) reliance on sizeable differences between world and domestic prices to generate two-thirds of agricultural producer support and (b) highly distortionary budget support. We then consider whether the disciplines introduced by WTO accession will constrain or even roll back these distortionary policies, thereby substantially changing the nature of agricultural policies in Russia. Using data from OECD-FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations) and Russian Ministry of Agriculture projections, we conclude that the structure of OECD-type producer support in 2020 will be very similar to its current state. Market price support will continue to dominate the Producer Support Estimate, and the projected Current Total Aggregate Measure of Support (AMS) will approach the WTO Bound Total AMS (the ceiling on production-distorting support) only in 2018. For the reasons above, we conclude that although WTO accession provides opportunities for important changes in Russian sanitary, phytosanitary, food safety, trade, and tariff policies, membership is not a guarantee of systemic change. In fact, a serious look at Russian WTO commitments makes a minimum-change scenario quite possible and even likely.     

The dams of Northern Sudan and the policy of demographic engineering

ABSTRACT

This article discusses the deteriorating situation in Northern Sudan linked to policies of demographic engineering, embedded in plans for the further construction of dams along the Nile River in the North by the Government of Sudan. Although the generation of power and agricultural irrigation are the declared purpose of the dams, the fact is, these dams will, as past dam constructions have, cause a massive displacement of the Nubian, Manasir and Amri-Hamdab people far from their ancestral lands. With the collaboration of the Egyptian government the areas vacated will be repopulated with Egyptian peasants, as part of both governments’ plan to alter the demographics of North Sudan.     

列宁发展农业的思想探析

列宁在领导苏俄革命和建设过程中,高度重视农业问题,并在实践中形成了较为系统的发展农业的思想,即大力发展农业具有重要战略意义,发展农业的核心任务是提高生产率,发展农业必须从内部条件入手,通过国家帮助和工业支援为农业发展提供外部保障。重温和借鉴列宁的发展农业的思想,对我国当下的现代农业建设具有重要的现实指导意义。     

Asymmetry in Japan and Korea's agricultural liberalization in FTA: domestic trade governance perspective

Abstract

This paper examines the nexus between food security and sustainability governance through a case study of palm oil. Palm oil's advocates claim that campaigns against palm oil and actions to halt its expansion due to sustainability concerns can undermine its food security role. However, palm oil expansion more directly undermines the food and livelihood security of rural and indigenous communities when land that rightfully belongs to, or has been used by, these communities is alienated to firms for oil palm cultivation with little or no consultation or compensation provided or alternatives considered. It is in this context that the paper examines whether the multi-stakeholder Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO) is able to ensure that this commodity is cultivated in ways that minimise environmental damage and livelihood disruption, thereby safeguarding palm oil's contribution to food security. The findings are mixed. RSPO certification provides fairly comprehensive and progressive socio-environmental regulation that has enhanced sustainable production practises in this industry especially by the larger transnational plantation companies mindful of their global reputation. The RSPO is also far more responsive than governments have been to the land rights of rural and indigenous communities, providing due process for land claimants as well as recognising that these communities may have legitimate rights to land even if companies were awarded legal title by governments. However, multi-stakeholder regimes can be fragile, requiring a great deal of internal accommodation and trade-offs to work. Already, different interests in the RSPO are pulling in different directions while national certification systems have emerged that are less onerous compared to the RSPO even as the latter seeks to further enhance its sustainability credentials.     

重庆市北碚区农业科技发展的现状及对策

近年来重庆市北碚区大力发展现代农业,采取生态农业建设、建立专家大院、发展示范项目等措施,科技对农业生产的贡献率不断提高。调研发现,北碚区农业科技发展过程中存在着科技含量不高、接受新品种新技术的意识不够、产业宣传力度不够、品牌意思薄弱等问题。该文建议通过实施品牌发展战略、加大结构调整以提高农产品档次、搞活市场流通、加大扶持服务力度、加快新技术普及等措施来发展北碚区农业科技。     

中国农业上市公司竞争力评价实证研究

农业经济是国民经济的基础,农业上市公司则是农业发展中的方向。本文选取了我国沪深两市证交所50家农业上市公司作为样本公司,运用因子分析法对样本公司的竞争力进行综合评价和分层评价,并对评价结果进行分析。综合评价结果表明,农产品加工行业的农业上市公司综合竞争能力较强,而农副产品和食品饮料行业竞争力相对较弱。进一步分层评价结果表明,综合竞争能力较强的农业上市公司,生存竞争力和发展竞争力却并不一定都强。     

贵州省城镇化、工业化与农业产业化协调发展研究

改革开放以来,中国城镇化、工业化与农业产业化水平都得到了很大的提高,而贵州省的三化水平相对全国平均水平较低,且三化协调程度不足。文章分别从理论和实证的角度分析了贵州城镇化、工业化和农业产业化的互动关系,并针对贵州省城镇化、工业化和农业产业化的发展现状和问题,引入了市场机制来推动城镇化、工业化和农业产业化,并提出实行贸易保护政策和增强内部要素流动、加快农民市民化进程一系列措施。     

贵州省政策性农业保险经营模式探讨

2008年人保财险贵州分公司对贵州省政策性农业保险进行试点,取得了一定的成效,但同时也存在相应的问题。针对存在的问题,从加强政府的宣传和财政补贴力度、建立和完善相应的制度、加强部门之间的沟通协作、完善利益分配机制以及建立有效的风险分散机制等方面提出了完善贵州省政策性农业保险经营模式的对策建议。     

我国农村科技服务供给方式探析——以科技特派员制度为例

实现科技兴农不仅需要培养大量的农村实用人才,而且需要设定科学的体制机制,提高科技推广的效率。本文通过构建信息非对称下的博弈论模型,探讨了农村私人科技服务市场消失的原因,分析了科技特派员制度下股份合作、外部监督机制设计如何推动科技服务的效率提高,并分析了二者的交叉作用。文章在模型的基础上提出了加强农民的农技培训、外部监督职能向农业协会组织转移、构建政府支持下的私人科技服务市场等政策建议。