让科学证据走下神坛

科学证据迅速＂蹿红＂,说明了人们对科学有极高期待。但现在人们对科学证据有奉若神明之趋势,这又人为制造了证据理论的另一混乱局面。从历史根源、法律根源、科学根源及社会根源等四个方面剖析人们迷信科学证据的原因,然后讨论科学证据回归理性的途径,让科学证据走下神坛,与其它证据携手共同维护司法的公正。     

西安“六.六”空难的法医学鉴定

本文报告了１９９４年６月６日，中国西北民航Ｂ—２１６０号客机在西安失事的法医学鉴定。机上乘员１６０人全部遇难、死难中，以撞击伤为主，主要死因为多脏器严重损伤、创伤休克、大出血。１６０名遇难者中，１３９人经体貌特征和遗物被确认，６例通过血型被认定，３例通过指纹被认定，其余通过牙齿被确认。本文还讨论了如死亡时间等空难中的法医学处理问题。     

The Difficult Task of Assessing Perimortem and Postmortem Fractures on the Skeleton: A Blind Text on 210 Fractures of Known Origin

The distinction between perimortem and postmortem fractures is an important challenge for forensic anthropology. Such a crucial task is presently based on macro‐morphological criteria widely accepted in the scientific community. However, several limits affect these parameters which have not yet been investigated thoroughly. This study aims at highlighting the pitfalls and errors in evaluating perimortem or postmortem fractures. Two trained forensic anthropologists were asked to classify 210 fractures of known origin in four skeletons (three victims of blunt force trauma and one natural death) as perimortem, postmortem, or dubious, twice in 6 months in order to assess intraobserver error also. Results show large errors, ranging from 14.8 to 37% for perimortem fractures and from 5.5 to 14.8% for postmortem ones; more than 80% of errors concerned trabecular bone. This supports the need for more objective and reliable criteria for a correct assessment of peri‐ and postmortem bone fractures.     

Sharp Force Injury Fatalities: A Retrospective Study (1982–2012) in Brescia (Italy)

A retrospective study was carried out on postmortem examination data of 131 sharp force‐related casualties recorded by the Brescia Institute of Forensic Medicine between 1982 and 2012. The objective was to identify relevant parameters that may be used to distinguish the manner of deaths between homicide, suicide, and accident. The following variables were considered: manner of death; demographic data; scene; type of sharp object; location and numbers of wounds; the presence of hesitation marks/defense wounds; toxicological findings; psychiatric history. There were 92 homicides, 28 suicides, and 11 accidents. Most victims were male, with an average age of 43. Injuries in isolation were present in 9.8% of homicides, in 35.7% of suicides, and in 54.5% of accidents. Most injuries involved the left anterior chest in homicides and the forearms in suicides. This study underlines the importance of a meticulous postmortem examination of injuries on the body and their relationship with other results from the death scene investigation.     

Threats at Home,Threats Abroad: Bargaining and War in the Shadow of Coups and Revolutions

I analyze a two-level game in which a leader bargains over the spoils of international bargaining with a domestic opposition that can threaten her with a coup or revolution. While fighting an international war shrinks the domestic pie, it also alters the distribution of domestic power. This has three main implications. First, if war will undermine the opposition, fighting may be so attractive that leaders demand more for peace than foreign states are willing to give, leading to war. Second, if war will bolster the opposition, leaders accept harsh terms to avoid fighting—strategic selection that has implications for the observed relationship between war and political survival. Finally, prospective shifts in the distribution of domestic power caused by war can reduce the effects of international asymmetric information, though the result may be to increase or decrease the chances of war.     

刑事既判力理论及其中国化

欧陆的刑事既判力理论源于罗马法,指刑事既决事由所创设的稳定诉讼状态,包括既决事项的实质确定力和程序结果的自缚力。刑事既判力旨在解决刑事判决生效后既决事由的效力范围及程序安定性等问题。程序安定、诉讼经济及权利保障是其理论基础。在效力类型上,终局判决的既判力可分为肯定效力与否定效力、相对效力与绝对效力以及主观效力与客观效力。免诉裁决虽不构成严格意义上的刑事终局判决,但亦经过较严格的证明程序,具有"类"既判力。刑事既判力阻却制度奉行"禁止不利于被告的变更"原则,严格限制非常上诉与再审程序的启动。中国刑事诉讼长期缺乏程序安定的理念,再审程序的启动具有极大的随机性和任意性,应引入既判力理论,以维护判决的权威性及程序的安定性。     

When women disappear from the labour market: occupational status of Dutch women at marriage in a modernizing society, 1865–1922

Between 1865 and 1922 the labour force participation of women at marriage dropped considerably in the Netherlands. At the same time, girls' educational participation increased and egalitarian gender values started to spread. We expect these developments to have affected the occupational status of those women who stayed in the labour market. Using a large dataset of Dutch marriages and municipal-level information on female labour force participation, educational participation, and an indicator of gender values, we show that women's status dropped until around 1885 and then started to rise. The retreat of women from the labour market coincided with a decline in the status of the women who remained, whereas, especially after 1900, the increasing educational participation of girls and the dissemination of egalitarian gender values counteracted this trend by causing women's status to rise.     

Empirical evaluation of a technology acceptance model for mobile policing

Technology acceptance in policing is under-researched, yet mobile devices are widely implemented across UK police forces. The paper validates a mobile technology acceptance model (M-TAM) developed in a single police force. It shows that the M-TAM is transferrable to other UK police forces, and potentially worldwide. The influence of local supervision and fit of technology to roles and tasks are shown to be the most influential factors. Factors beyond the technology itself, such as the influence of peers and involvement of operational officers in technology investment decisions, must be considered to accommodate the strong cultural barriers in policing.     

两高指导性案例效力新论

两高指导性案例的效力问题应当分为三个层面加以讨论:第一个层面是效力的有无与强弱的问题;第二个层面是效力的来源问题;第三个层面是两高指导性案例的相互关系问题。以往学界将前两个层面混为一谈,对第三个层面关注甚少。在效力有无的问题上,两高指导性案例都具有强制性的约束力;在效力来源的问题上,两高指导性案例的效力来自两高《规定》,属于一种"准法律拘束力";在效力延伸的问题上,法院指导性案例可以适用于检察院,而检察院指导性案例不应适用于法院,并且,为了避免两高指导性案例发生冲突,应当对检察院指导性案例的适用范围进行明确限定。     

农村警务战略运行成效探析——以贵州为个案研究

实施农村警务战略,延伸公安工作的触角,建立与社会主义新农村建设相适应的新型农村警务机制,是新形势下维护农村地区社会治安稳定,促进农村和谐发展的重要举措。自2006年以来,贵州强力推行农村警务战略,取得了如下阶段性的成效:一是以制度规范为抓手,农村警务建设有序推进;二是警力下沉和警务管理前移,农村治安环境得到优化;三是民警接"地气",警民关系和谐发展;四是以情报信息主导警务为导向,警务模式由传统向现代跨越发展;五是深入实施"创新强警"战略,警务模式推陈出新。