Why are the affluent better represented around the world?

Scholars have discovered remarkable inequalities in who gets represented in electoral democracies. Around the world, the preferences of the rich tend to be better represented than those of the less well-off. In this paper, we use the most comprehensive comparative dataset of unequal representation available to answer why the poor are underrepresented. By leveraging variation over time and across countries, we study which factors explain why representation is more unequal in some places than in others. We compile a number of covariates examined in previous studies and use machine learning to describe which mechanisms best explain the data. Globally, we find that economic conditions and good governance are most important in determining the extent of unequal representation, and we find little support for hypotheses related to political institutions, interest groups or political behaviour, such as turnout. These results provide the first broadly comparative explanations for unequal representation.     

Automated detection and classification of counterfeit banknotes using quantitative features captured by spectral-domain optical coherence tomography

Counterfeiting of banknotes is still a severe crime problem in many countries. One of the most significant issue for solving the crime is to classify the counterfeit types and identify the sources. Most of the current methods to classify counterfeit banknotes rely on manual examination that is time-consuming and labor-intensive. Moreover, these methods only detect surface features which can be easily imitated through advanced printing technology. In this study, an automated method based on optical coherence tomography (OCT) and machine-learning algorithms was proposed to classify different types of banknotes based on the internal features. A spectral-domain OCT (SD-OCT) system was employed for sub-surface imaging and quantitative assessment of banknotes. A total of 29 Chinese 100-Yuan banknotes were collected, in which 4 of them were real and 25 of them were counterfeiting by three different printing processes. Each banknote was imaged 10 times in 3 distinct regions, which resulted in a dataset of 290 samples. Each sample was characterized by extracting 2 A-scan (OCT signal intensity along depth) based features and 14B-scan (cross-sectional OCT images) based features. Several machine-learning models, including logistic regression (LR), support vector machines (SVM), K-nearest neighbor (KNN) and random forest (RF), were built and optimized as the classifiers that were trained using 203 samples and applied to predict 87 testing samples. The best performance was achieved by SVM classifier in which the sensitivity of 96.55% and specificity of 98.85% were obtained in discriminating between authentic and counterfeit banknotes, and the sensitivity of 94.67% and specificity of 98.22% were obtained in predicting the types of counterfeit banknotes. These classifiers were also evaluated using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study where A-scan and B-scan derived features from OCT images have been used for the detection and classification of different types of counterfeit banknotes.     

建设马克思主义学习型政党的历史透视

中国共产党始终注重学习马克思主义理论,并不断将其与中国实际相结合,努力实现马克思主义中国化。党学习马克思主义理论,在党创立后的前30年,着重从思想上建设党,确立了正确的思想和政治路线,实现了马克思主义中国化第一次历史性飞跃,取得了新民主主义革命伟大胜利;在第二个＂30年＂,对适合中国情况的社会主义建设道路进行了艰苦的探索,教训十分深刻;在最近的＂30年＂,党从号召学习马克思主义理论走向建设马克思主义学习型政党,期间现实了马克思主义中国化第二次历史性飞跃,从而取得了中国特色社会主义事业的伟大成就。党建设马克思主义学习型政党的历史给予我们许多重要启示。     

活动理论与当代教育

活动理论对当代教育的启发在于:启发了学习环境设计和教学课堂设计,提倡小组学习;为网络学习提供了理论指导。     

刍议加强党校培训制度建设

党校培训制度是否健全完善,直接关系着党校的培训质量,最终关系党和国家事业的兴衰成败.必须从关系党和国家生死存亡的高度充分认识加强党校培训制度建设的重要性和紧迫性,并找出加强党校培训制度建设的重要途径.应从创新党校培训内容、丰富党校培训形式、加强党校培训的考核和监督制度建设等方面入手.     

论科学发展观的学习与实践

学习实践科学发展观是整个胡锦涛学习思想的重要内容,要充分认识科学发展观的范式意义,做好学习调研、分析检查、整改落实的工作。明确学习调研是学习实践科学发展观的前提,分析检查是学习实践科学发展观的难点,整改落实是学习实践科学发展观的关键,学习活动与实践活动相结合,为解决现实问题提供理论指导,在理论与实践的结合中实现社会的全面协调可持续发展,使人民群众得到实惠。     

公安院校体改生学习价值观对学习投入的影响研究

为考察公安院校体改生学习价值观对学习投入的影响效果,采用《大学生学习价值观量表》和《大学生学习投入量表》对某公安院校2011级210名体改生进行了测量。结果表明:学习价值观及其附属维度与学习投入及其附属维度存在显著的正相关;个人发展、功利性和责任性是学习活力和学习奉献的有效预测变量;个人发展和责任性则是学习专注的有效预测变量。可见,学习价值观与学习投入关系密切,改善学习价值观水平有助于提高学习投入水平。     

我国高校学生权利探讨

在我国高等教育实行成本补偿政策后，高校内部管理行为开始进入司法审查的视野。坚持依法治校、依法执教、完善高校管理、保护学生合法权利已成为社会关注的热点，也成为高校亟待解决的问题。高校学生的权利应包括：公法上的权利和私法上的权利。     

以双师型师资培养为基础的产学研合作方式探析

产学研合作是高职院校双师型师资队伍培养的重要途径。我院在试点专业师资队伍建设中,遵循校局联盟、合作办学的指导思想,与行业一起开发出多种产学研合作的途径,以提高教师的实践教学能力,并在实践中提出了资源互补、利益互惠和制度约束的产学研合作新思路。     

Expected utility or learned familiarity? The formation of voters' coalition preferences

In most modern parliamentary democracies, it is unlikely that single party governments will be formed, meaning that a voter's preferred party presumably has to share cabinet offices and negotiate policy compromises in a coalition government. This raises the question of how voters evaluate potential (coalition) governments, especially since recent studies have shown that coalition preferences influence voting behaviour. In this paper, we combine theories of voting behaviour, government formation and political learning to derive expectations regarding the factors that may impact voters' coalition preferences. We test our hypotheses by analysing survey data from the German federal and state levels. The results of a mixed logit regression analysis support our arguments: Voters' coalition preferences not only depend on the perceived policy distance between the positions of voters and the most distant party within combinations of parties, but also on predominant patterns of government formation.