黑社会性质组织的认定探析——以立法解释为视角

刑法典第294条对黑社会性质组织规定并不完整,于是全国人大常委会于2002年4月28日通过了相关的立法解释。立法解释对黑社会性质组织的界定可以概括为组织性特征、经济实力特征、行为手段特征和非法控制性特征,其中非法控制性特征是黑社会性质组织的本质特征,是区别于一般的犯罪集团最显著的特征。在认定黑社会性质组织时准确地把握立法解释,四个特征需要同时具备,既不可随意降低标准,也不可刻意拔高标准。     

知识产权刑法保护的基本理念

21世纪是知识经济的时代,有效保护知识产权是促进知识经济不断发展的重要环节。在对知识产权的法律保护中,刑法保护具有不可替代的价值。要确立恰当的知识产权刑法保护制度,必须遵循一些基本理念：逐步增强保护的理念;多种保护结合的理念;体现公平正义的理念。     

公平正义视域下的基本公共服务均等化

基本公共服务均等化是保障公平正义的基础,公平正义是基本公共服务均等化的本质要求。我国基本公共服务供给不足、发展失衡直接影响着社会公平正义的实现,需要深化行政改革,通过建立以民为先的责任体系、参与和监督体系、合理的考核体系等,提升政府服务意识,推进政务公开透明,建设服务型政府,从而促进基本公共服务均等化。     

基本医疗保险服务协议的法律性质探讨

基本医疗保险服务协议是规范社会保险经办机构和定点医疗机构、定点零售药店双方行为的行为准则和重要法律依据,然而,对其法律性质的认定,学术界和实务界一直存有争议。行政私法合同是行政主体运用私法合同达致行政公法目的‘的手段,基本医疗保险服务协议符合行政私法合同的特征和本质属性,因此,基本医疗保险服务协议的法律性质是行政私法合同。     

我国《农业保险法》的立法构想

我国农业保险的法律规制现状与立法的预期利益凸显了《农业保险法》立法的必要性。《农业保险法》的基本原则为:政府适度干预、合理补贴、强制保险与自愿保险相结合。我国未来的《农业保险法》至少应包括三方面的内容:农业保险合同制度、农业保险经营管理制度和农业保险责任制度。     

司法鉴定机构等级管理基本问题论纲

虽然目前对司法鉴定机构采用司法行政部门的行政管理和司法鉴定行业协会的自律管理相结合的方式进行。但司法实践中,司法鉴定行业依然存在重复鉴定、缠鉴闹鉴、少数鉴定机构随意出具鉴定意见等乱象：另外,不少鉴定机构,尤其是技术水平较低的鉴定机构。不是从改善仪器设备、优化人员结构等方面提高自身素质,而是通过不正当竞争获取一定的检案量,对司法鉴定发展产生阻碍。对此,建立、完善司法鉴定等级管理制度能够在一定程度上有效缓解上述问题。在此之前,应当明晰司法鉴定机构等级管理的内涵、明确建立鉴定机构等级管理的必要性、确立鉴定机构等级管理的原则等有关基本问题;同时,对不同资质等级的鉴定机构出具的鉴定意见的证据效力以及受案范围应当予以特别重视．在防止不同资质等级鉴定机构之间产生“行政层级”上的服从与被服从关系的基础上．以确保鉴定的质量和效率。     

劳动权的防御权功能与国家的尊重义务

防御权功能是劳动权的首要功能,以防止国家权力的干预、为公民创设"自由空间"为旨趣。公民劳动权的起始之处,即国家权力的终止之所。防御权功能属于"主观权利"范畴,公民享有"不作为请求权"、"停止侵害请求权"。尽管我国《宪法》未规定劳动自由,然而,从"事实"与"规范"二维度看,防御权功能亦是我国劳动权的题中之义。劳动权的防御权功能之实现仰赖国家履行"消极不作为"的"尊重义务"。尊重义务是劳动权保障的根本义务,立法机关和司法机关是尊重义务的主体,行政机关在一定程度上具有尊重义务的主体资格。     

How Large‐Scale Research Facilities Connect to Global Research

Policies for large‐scale research facilities (LSRFs) often highlight their spillovers to industrial innovation and their contribution to the external connectivity of the regional innovation system hosting them. Arguably, the particular institutional features of LSRFs are conducive for collaborative research. However, based on data on publications produced in 2006–2009 at the Neutron Science Directorate of Oak Ridge National Laboratory in Tennessee (United States), we find that internationalization of its collaborative research is restrained by coordination costs similar to those characterizing other institutional settings. Policies mandating LSRFs should consider that research prioritized on the basis of technological relevance limits the international reach of collaborations. Additionally, the propensity for international collaboration is lower for resident scientists than for those affiliated with domestic universities or government laboratories. Policies conceiving LSRFs as “knowledge attractors” therefore should consider the complementarities between research at a LSRF and in its academic context at a regional or national level.     

中国工会的五大优势

与西方国家工会相较,中国工会具有以下五大优势：一是社会主义制度的优势;二是企业民主管理制度的优势;三是工会性质和基本职能的优势;四是维权观念和维权机制的优势;五是组织体系和联系群众的优势。     

Revisiting the crisis of representation thesis: the Indian context

This article addresses the ‘crisis of representation’ thesis by examining some of the findings of a survey conducted in Delhi in 2003. On the basis of the data collected during the course of the survey, it revisits two rather significant questions that have been thrown up by the thesis. First, how valid is the assumption that people have lost confidence in the capacity of political parties to represent them in forums of policymaking? Second, have people really come to believe that civil society groups, such as non-governmental organizations, can better help them resolve the oft intractable problems of everyday life? The answers to these questions could help to throw light on two vital political and theoretical issues: the relationship between citizens and the world of representative politics in particular, and the adequacy of representative democracy in general. The findings of the research project tell us that the crisis of representation runs deep and that people seem to have lost confidence in the ability or indeed the political will of all organizations, whether they belong to the political or the civil domain, to address their basic problems.