中国宪政史上的“人民”观

宪政权力源自“人民”,“人民”观决定着宪政的航向。中国究政史上“臣民”观向“人民”观的转变标示出中国宪政的发展历程。清末立宪固守专制的“臣民”观,宪政改革失败。中国资产阶级宪政时期确立了资产阶级“人民”观,推动了社会发展,但“人民”仍不自由平等。中国无产阶级践行马克思主义无产阶级“人民”观,依靠“人民”实现了民族独立,进行社会主义宪政建设,最广大“人民”实现了自由平等。社会主义宪政时期,无产阶级“人民”观发展为阶层“人民”观,“人民”成为公平正义的载体。最广大“人民”是社会主义宪政的目的,“人民”观的创新对社会主义宪政建设具有重要意义。     

新时期我国生态文明建设的基本理念与实践方向

当前,我国经济社会发展面临国际经济形势空前复杂、国内最终消费需求增长乏力、经济下行压力增大以及资源环境紧约束等前所未有的挑战。在这种态势下,实现经济社会可持续发展的关键,是把生态文明建设的理念、原则、目标等深刻融入到我国经济、政治、文化、社会建设的各方面和全过程,把增长切实转到主要依靠提升发展质量、效益和内需消费上来,着力夯实生态经济基础,推进绿色发展,使人口、资源、环境与经济社会的协调运动,统一于人与自然和谐发展的大系统之中。     

略论元代彝族土司制度的创立

元代西南彝族地区创立的土司制度,以其深厚的彝族社会历史状况为基础,以元王朝治理中国西南的总政策为背景。元王朝以战争为主要手段,统一西南,征剿彝族根深蒂固的地方政权势力,降服之后即委以各种职衔,规定任命、承袭、赏罚、贡赋等内容,渐次推行土司制度。在社会政治大变革中,彝族土司叛服无常,反抗不断,终元之世,确立影响深远的彝族地区土司制度,值得再探索。     

中国特色社会主义人民群众观的实现路径探析

中国特色社会主义人民群众观,是马克思主义人民群众观在中国的继承、运用、创新和发展．它在中国特色社会主义理论体系中居于最基础和最核心的地位。新时期、新形势下,灵活掌握和善于运用中国特色社会主义人民群众观,及时发现和高度重视在实现中国特色社会主义人民群众观中存在的突出问题,建立科学、合理、流畅的中圆特色社会主义人民群众观的实现路径,是贯彻落实科学发展观,建设中国特色社会主义的必然要求。     

人民调解协议司法确认之定性分析

人民调解协议从性质上讲属于双方当事人为解决纠纷而订立的和解契约。《人民调解法》第33条所确定的司法确认制度本质上乃是人民法院依当事人双方的申请赋予人民调解协议以强制执行力之制度,司法确认程序属于非讼程序。《人民调解法》所规定的人民调解协议司法确认之路径是有违民事实体法和诉讼法理的。应当在立足于司法确认程序乃非讼程序之基础上,遵循人民法院审查人民调解协议所约定的内容是否适于强制执行之路径进行具体的程序设计。     

对执法为民几个问题的思考

公安机关和公安执法工作要真正做到执法为民,首要的是澄清认识问题。一是如何定位公安机关的角色?二是如何界定警察的权利和义务?三是如何行使警察权力?四是如何看待警务保障?只有澄清这些认识问题,才能使公安工作的每一个方面、每一个环节都真正体现人民的愿望、满足人民的需要、维护人民的利益,真正做到执法为民。     

怎样将大学办得让人民满意

教育为人民服务,办让人民满意的教育,是我们办教育的根本宗旨。大学在追求教学和科学研究的卓越性的同时,还必须让人民满意。大学是否能让人民满意,是检验大学办得好坏的一个标准,怎样将大学办得让人民满意,也是检验大学领导能力建设的一个根本性的标准。要将大学办得让人民满意,就应该做到:让学生满意,让家长满意,让政府满意,让社会满意。如果这四个方面都做到了,我们的大学才能是让人民满意的。在建设让人民满意的大学的同时,要注意树立依法治校的观念,处理好办让人民满意的大学和让大学承担无限责任的关系;处理好让学生满意、让家长满意与严格学校管理的关系;处理好加强基础研究与为现实需要服务的关系;处理好让政府满意、让社会满意与坚持社会公正、代表社会良心的关系。     

Old people in Polish cities in the late eighteenth century

The issue of old age as a period in life of a person in the cities of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was not widely discussed in historic literature of the past. This was due, to a large extent, to the beliefs of the researchers regarding the difficulty in capturing this phenomenon in light of rather Modest statistical sources. This study is, therefore, an attempt to scrutinise the mechanisms behind the functioning of city communities in the territories of central Poland in the late-feudal age on a basic level - the level of the smallest social unit and its economic base, i.e. the household, based on handwritten civil-military censuses from 1791-1792. The author is interested in the living situation of old people, their sizes and gender proportions in cities varying in size: from small to large ones in the second half of the 18th century. The article presents the dependencies between the age and position of men and women in the household and the proportions of old people being heads of households. Using the typology by Peter Laslett a model of a household ran by old people was shown against the background of a general structure of households in cities. The last part of the text concerns the size of households ran by old people, taking into account the social status, and their position within the family. The analysis of the censuses does not allow to determine any clear difference of living through old age in Polish cities in the 18th century in comparison to the regions which are attributed a ’unique’ model of European forms of family. The structural similarity of old age seen in Polish cities is closer to the model observed in cities of western than of eastern Europe.     

Are older deafblind people being left behind? A narrative review of literature on deafblindness through the lens of the United Nations Principles for Older People

Underpinned by the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRDP), Agenda 2030 and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) is the international goal to ‘leave no one behind’. However, the World Federation of the Deafblind have argued that deafblind people have been excluded from international welfare and disability development programmes. Despite making up the majority of the deafblind population, it appears that older deafblind people are particularly invisible. The paper builds on the earlier work of others, which translated the UN Principles for Older Persons into the language of older visually impaired adults, by using them here as the lens for a narrative review of the literature on older deafblind people. It argues that existing research demonstrates that older deafblind people are not only being ‘left behind’ in benefitting from implementation of the UN Principles, but also that the focus of the UN Principles themselves risks maintaining or enhancing their exclusion. Further research and policy development with older deafblind people is required to ensure that international and national social welfare policies and provision are not nugatory to the older deafblind population.     

论遗弃罪的扩大化——立法对比中的解惑

我国《刑法》中的遗弃罪只规定在有抚养义务的主体不尽抚养义务时才成立,外国刑法对遗弃罪的扩大化规定比中国具有立法优势。对遗弃罪的扩大化规定是社会历史发展的必然。正是回应这一扩大化趋势,有学者对我国的遗弃罪进行了所谓的“当然解释”。不过,这一“当然解释”实质上却是不合理的类推解释。我国遗弃罪的立法漏洞并非法律解释所能填补。要完善中国的遗弃罪,就要进行新的立法。