对我国环境部门实行垂直管理的思考

我国环境状况的恶化在很大程度上与各地放松环境管制有关,因此很多人主张国家环保总局应该对各地的环境部门实行垂直管理以加强对地方环境执法的监督。然而,垂直管理可能是一剂过于简单的药方,由于受地理距离、各地区环境和经济发展状况的差异以及污染类型的转变等因素影响,垂直管理能在多大程度上遏制地方不合理的经济发展冲动,促进地方环境执法状况的改善值得仔细分析。同时,垂直管理与世界各国环境行政执法上的分权趋势也不相符合。事实上,专门的执法监察机构一样可以强化上级环境行政机关对地方环境执法的监控,实施起来也比较简便和可行。     

现代环境伦理与环境法律契合的新视点

当代环境与发展的矛盾引起人们环境伦理与环境法律的交互思考,也引发从传统环境伦理观的天人合一、人类中心主义和片面发展过渡到新的以人为本、科学发展、和谐社会和生态中心主义的环境伦理观。法律生态化突出生态本位的法律观念,强调代际公平与种际公平的价值取向,以保障环境权为重心,树立预防优先的立法倾向。环境法治包含了环境法律的体系,环境立法、司法、执法,以及环境法律救济和监督等内容。     

Towards a sustainable model of urban and architectonic integral rehabilitation in Malaga （Spain）

In the third quarter of last century, Malaga experienced a period of important residential growth that produced the construction of great commuter suburbs, in promotions of collective housing in opened block, forming an urban aggregate without any other relation than the juxtaposition of independent pieces. The population that initially occupied these districts came from the countryside, as time went by, this population has been improving economically, notwithstanding this was not reflected in the improvement of the urban surroundings. The architectonic and city-planning characteristics of its conception： precarious constructions without improvement due to the disadvantages of the horizontal property, a public space wrongly defined and invaded by the parking area, deficit of equipment. This situation has favored the departure of a part of the original population and the arrival of another one with greater economic difficulties and important social differences in relation to the first. In some cities, this situation has caused important problems of marginalization and confrontation. Apart from the economic and cultural problems, the total deterioration of the housing, the bad quality of the urban space and the lack of consideration of the new necessities of the residents are factors that have negatively affected these districts.     

The environmental rights entered in the constitutions： A critique

Although environmental law is a relatively a new field of scholarship in South Africa, it is growing rapidly. The right to access to social security including environmental rights is found in the South African Bill of Rights, is being amplified by legislative and constitutional reforms, and developing case law in the courts. There is therefore a clear need to increase the understanding of the discipline through systematic research and teaching at various levels.1 The notion of including an “environmental right” in a domestic constitution is not novel in Africa. Most African countries have incorporated a constitutional provision that ensures the right to a healthy environment. Most of the problems that exist with environmental rights under the international and regional systems are absent under the domestic South African system. The way in which environmental rights have been formulated in international instruments, section 24 of the South African Constitution has been framed as an individual right and not as a collective one. Environmental degradation often affects groups of people and it could consequently argue that the right should protect groups and not just individuals.2     

公司环境责任概念及存在问题研究

公司的环境责任在不同的语境下意义不同。一般包括公司的环境道德责任、公司的环境义务责任和公司的环境后果责任几个方面，不同的责任形式对公司的要求是不同的。我国目前在公司的环境责任的实现上还存在着一定的问题，应该从加强公司环境义务体系建设、加强行政执法和环境司法、促进环境道德责任建设等方面加以完善.     

论我国环境刑法与环境行政法之间的协调与衔接

环境刑法与环境行政法作为治理环境违法犯罪的两种法制手段，均发挥着重要的作用。应重视环境刑法与环境行政法调整范围之间的协调与平衡及环境行政执法与环境刑事司法之间的协调与平衡，以期实现共同保护环境法益、预防环境违法与犯罪功能最大化的目的。     

环境管理机关公益诉讼原告资格理论与实践之辨

环境公益诉讼是保护环境的利器,它对于改善环境起到的积极作用是毋庸置疑的.但是学界以及司法实践对于何为环境公益诉讼的适格原告一直存在争议,随着新《民事诉讼法》的颁布施行,关于公益诉讼原告资格的争论更是甚嚣尘上,其中,对环境行政管理机关原告资格的分歧尤甚.笔者认为,质疑的根本原因在于没有厘清环境行政执法与环境公益诉讼的关系,再加之对环境行政管理部门的单一功能定位,使得对环境管理机关作为适格原告有诸多误解.本文沿此思路,通过理论与实践的辨析,试图解决此问题.     

能源法视角下的环境安全观

能源环境安全日益成为能源安全不可剥离的伴生因素。能源环境安全的实质是化石能源的生产、消费带来的外部性问题。解决能源环境问题必须融入能源政策、法律规范。我国能源立法应当扩展能源安全价值视角,确立能源环境安全价值观,以此奠定建立环境友好型与资源节约型社会的法律价值基础。     

国家环境危险防御义务的二元制度结构

环境危险防御义务是国家环境保护义务的主要类型之一，其要求国家公权力采取措施对环境危险因素加以干预和排除。为实现国家环境危险防御义务，在管制行政相对人行为的“外部效力”面向上，应强化立法权对行政权的约束；在约束国家行为的“内部效力”面向上，司法权应对行政权保持必要之谦抑。排除环境危险、维护环境权益是当前中国环境法治的重要任务，需要根据“外部效力/内部效力”的二元制度结构进行有针对性的分析，通过国家公权力的合理配置实现国家环境危险防御义务。     

发展循环经济走出两难困境

本文从分析环境库兹涅茨曲线着手,指出循环经济是包括中国在内的发展中国家实现环境保护与经济发展双赢的重要途径。作者分析了循环经济的渊源、模式和3R原则,并针对我国国情,从政府、企业、学术界三个层面提出了对策建议。