钢丝表面线性痕迹的形成及检验

本文简要探讨了钢丝表面线性痕迹的形成机理、特定性、出现率以及相关痕迹的综合利用等问题.用案例说明钢丝表面线性痕迹检验鉴定的可行性和利用价值.     

史学视野下的台湾知识产权法律保护

伴随经济、科技的发展，台湾地区市场经济机制逐渐趋于成熟，知识产权法律保护制度逐步建立和完善起来。台湾地区知识产权法律保护中的专利权、商标权和著作权法律保护是在原有法律制度基础上通过修改的方式逐步发展完善起来的。     

Influence of WTO decisions on international intellectual property

Legal context: The task of harmonization in the IP framework is currently atrisk. This conclusion is shown by the way EU Member States have recentlyenacted Directive 2001/29 on the harmonization of certain aspectsof copyright and related rights on the information society.Particularly, no Member State seems to have considered the interpretationof the three-step test of the Berne Convention given in 2000by the WTO panel, notwithstanding its importance. Moreover, three recent opinions of the French Cour de Cassation,the French Conseil Constitutionnel, and the German Federal Courtof Justice appear not to have endorsed the WTO's interpretationof the three-step test. This scenario confirms the impressionthat the international framework is devoid of any degree ofharmonization. Key points: Although the aims of certainty and predictability in the internationaltrading system are among its main tasks, the World Trade Organizationhas not yet tackled the plight of harmonization, preferringa political approach to smooth conflicts and disputes. Yet,the World Trade Organization has recently taken important stepsthat seem to herald a new attitude. In United States—Sections301-310 of the Trade Act of 1974, the World Trade Organizationdismissed the traditional deference towards national legislations.In addition, at international and national levels, the AlleghenyLudlum and Softwood Lumber cases aligned their interpretationsto that of the World Trade Organization.     

国家公务人员持枪涉枪暴力犯罪心理"痕迹"探析

国家公务人员持枪涉枪暴力犯罪的心理"痕迹"是持枪人的"适格性"与"不作为"相分离的一种体现,它包括"公务特权和优势需要"、"拒绝自陷入罪的特权"、"职务上的特权"和以"合法"手段获得逃逸的"保证"等四种情况.国家公务人员持枪权利体现的是对合法持枪人员人身安全的保障及其对相关社会利益与特定社会关系的保护与维护,不是特殊权力的产物.未来制定的相关法规中应确立预防国家公务人员持枪涉枪暴力犯罪的法律适用规则.     

劳教人员的文身调查

目的抽样调查101名劳教人员的文身情况。方法通过流行病学调查进行研究。结果流行病学分析表明:劳教人员为文身的易感人群,监管场所是文身传播的重要环境,青少年刺制文身现象比较突出,多个部位、刺制精细的文身是违法犯罪高危人群的一种特殊标志。结论可建立文身档案或数据库,对违法犯罪嫌疑人的个人识别、体貌辨认具有重要的使用价值和现实意义。     

Quantitative Statistics and Identification of Tool‐Marks

This study was designed to establish a feature identification method of tool‐mark 2D data. A uniform local binary pattern histogram operator was developed to extract the tool‐mark features, and the random forest algorithm was adopted to identify these. The presented method was used to conduct five groups of experiments with a 2D dataset of known matched and nonmatched tool‐marks made by bolt clippers, cutting pliers, and screwdrivers. The experimental results show that the proposed method achieved a high rate of identification of the tool‐mark samples generated under identical conditions. The proposed method effectively overcomes the disadvantage of unstable illumination of 2D tool‐mark image data and avoids the difficulty in mark inspection caused by manually preset parameters in the existing methods, thus reducing the uncertainty of inspected results.     

A Validation Study of Bullet and Cartridge Case Comparisons Using Samples Representative of Actual Casework

The foundation of firearm and tool mark identification is that no two tools should produce the same microscopic marks on two separate objects that they would be inaccurately or wrongly identified. Studies addressing the validity of identification infrequently employ tests that mirror realistic casework scenarios. This study attempted to do so using a double‐blind process, reducing test‐taking bias. Test kits including bullets and cartridge cases but not the associated firearms were completed by 31 analysts from 22 agencies. Analysis of the results demonstrated an overall error rate of 0.303%, sensitivity of 85.2%, and specificity of 86.8%. Variability in performance across examiners is addressed, and the effect of examiners’ years of experience on identification accuracy is explored. Finally, the article discusses the importance of studies using realistic case work scenarios when validating the field's performance and in providing courts with usable indicators of the accuracy of firearm and tool mark identification.