浅谈社区警务民力资源的挖掘

尽管社区警务模式、机制在世界各地不尽相同,但有一点是公认的,即社区警务工作必须融公众于警务之中,最大限度地挖掘社区民力资源,预防和减少违法犯罪的发生,维护共有的社会安全和稳定。挖掘社区民力资源,应在客观认识民力资源的前提下,从泛化辅警力量、大力推行商业型民力资源、强化民力资源的经费保障、加强安全防范宣传教育等方面积极开展工作。     

美国社区矫正模式之发展方向：从危险特质到多元整合

美国社区矫正作为广义社区矫正模式的代表，积累了许多值得我国借鉴的成熟经验。其社区矫正大致经历了从危险特质模式向以社区为本、以案主为本、社会支持网络等多元要素整合方向发展的过程。危险特质模式具有理性化、技术化、机构化、专业化的特点，多元整合方向则是在传统危险特质模式的基础上，针对其弊端展开的。美国社区矫正的发展方向对我国正在试行的社区矫正具有积极意义。     

社区矫正中剥夺政治权利的困惑与出路

我国社区矫正的试点工作中将被剥夺政治权利的罪犯作为其适用范围。然而现实中剥夺政治权利的惩罚性不足导致被执行人难以监管。在社区矫正的过程中增加公益劳动、思想汇报等刑事义务,不仅使被执行人产生抵触情绪,又变相地限制了他们的自由,且于法无据,并且还有违国际公约的精神。一些地方文件的变通又损害了上层次规范的严肃性。对于现实中的这种困惑,从长远和宏观的战略眼光来看,应于刑法中设立社区服务刑,并且作为一个独立的刑种规定在附加刑中来予以解决。     

论广州市社区矫正工作的完善与发展

广州市的社区矫正试点工作已经展开,根据试点情况来看,还存在一些问题如矫正人员素质与社区矫正工作的要求不相适应、矫正措施的单一、矫正对象的狭窄以及矫正方案的粗糙等。正确分析当前试点工作所面临的困难与机遇,通过扩大矫正对象范围、丰富矫正手段、细化矫正工作可以有效的完善和发展广州社区矫正工作。     

青少年健康成长与社区文化环境建设的思考

人创造环境,环境也创造人,环境决定着青少年的意识和精神,并最终决定着他们的行为和方式。社区是青少年健康成长的重要空间。社区文化环境建设的好坏对于青少年的健康成长起到了重要的作用。     

Development and Validation of A Community Workers’ Competence Scale:A case study of Shanghai

Lack of understanding in the competence of community workers is a knowledge gap in the current body of literature. Developing a community workers' competence scale is helpful for understanding and improving the community workers' competence. This paper has reported an exploratory study that developed and validated a community worker' competence scale in Shanghai. Social work development and government administrative power jointly influence the competence needed by community workers. This study comprises three phases. First, a pool of items was generated from government policies, literature on community development and feedbacks of frontline community workers. Bogo's hierarchy competence model was adopted to organize these items. Second, a 30-item scale was formulated through explanatory factor analysis. Assessment, building relationship, practicing bylaws and regulations, program development, and serving for people in need are the five factors included in the scale. The psychometric analysis demonstrated acceptable face and content validity, construct validity, convergent and discriminatory validity, and internal consistency. This scale is promisingly useful in recruiting, evaluating and educating community workers for administrators and educators.     

走出困境:从社区行政化到社区自治

随着我国经济体制转轨和社会结构转型,城市基层社会组织体制也经历着历史性变迁。本文通过对社区自治基本范畴的分析,探讨了社区自治的必然性,并寻求从社区行政化到社区自治的思路,以实现从社区行政化到社区自治的转变。     

THE IMPACT OF MEGAN'S LAW ON SEX OFFENDER RECIDIVISM: THE MINNESOTA EXPERIENCE*

Although Megan's Law was passed more than 10 years ago, very little is known as to whether it reduces sex offender recidivism significantly. Using a retrospective quasi‐experimental design, we examine whether community notification has a deterrent effect by comparing the recidivism rates of 155 level 3 (“high public risk”) sex offenders released from Minnesota prisons between 1997 and 2002 who were subject to broad notification with two separate control groups who were not. The first control group (referred to as the prenotification group) contained 125 sex offenders released between 1990 and 1996 (the 7 years preceding the implementation of the Community Notification Act) who likely would have been subject to broad community notification had the law been in effect at the time of their release. The second control group (referred to as the non‐notification group) was composed of 155 offenders (37 level 1 and 118 level 2) released between 1997 and 2002 who were not subject to broad community notification. The results from the Cox proportional hazards models reveal that broad community notification significantly reduced the risk of time to a sex reoffense (rearrest, reconviction, and reincarceration) compared with both control groups. The findings were mixed, however, for both non‐sex and general reoffending. Whereas broad community notification significantly reduced the risk of timing to both non‐sex and general recidivism compared with the prenotification group, no such effects were found in the non‐notification group analyses. We discuss the implications of these results and attempt to explain why Megan's Law seems to reduce sex offense recidivism in Minnesota.     

Community‐based environmental management in Vietnam: the challenge of sharing power in a politically guided society

The article presents the challenges of introducing a ‘shared‐power’ community‐based management approach in the socialist society of Vietnam. The Portland State University (PSU)'s Oregon Environmental Management Alliance partnered with Vietnamese organisations in a shared‐power pilot project aimed at strengthening stakeholder participation in environmental improvements in two communities along the Tan Hoa‐Lo Gom (THLG) canal in Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC). The Oregon Solutions model, a community‐based environmental management (CBEM) approach, was adapted for the shared‐power project. This article analyses three core ingredients of the shared‐power CBEM approach: multiple stakeholder structure, dispersed authority arrangements and diverse policy instruments. Critical reflections are offered on the meaning and appropriateness of these shared‐power ingredients when they are reinvented in Vietnam's politically guided governance system. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

加拿大社区矫正介评

为了减少迅速增长的监狱人口数量,加拿大在刑事司法程序的不同阶段,广泛实施各种切实可行的拘禁替代性措施,处于社区矫正的罪犯人数明显超过监禁人数,其社区矫正工作已取得法律、经济、社会三重实效。在中国社区矫正的发展过程中,有必要结合中国自身国情与加拿大的经验,坚定不移地将这一既有益于犯罪人重返社会、树立生活信心,又有利于社会和谐的社区矫正工作做好。