脑震荡与脑损伤之间"界"与"度"的法医学立论

观察钝力打击头部后的生理功能和脑病理改变,探讨脑震荡与脑损伤界与度的诊断划分。以震荡钝力打击猫头部建立脑震荡和脑损伤的动物模型,取猫脑进行病理形态学观察,同时观察打击后脑电图、心电图、呼吸、意识障碍等生理功能变化,以脑组织和功能在不同时间内是否存在可复性为依据,发现脑震荡和脑损伤之间存在明显的“界”的标志,在界定下亦可分“度”,以利于法医学损伤程度的鉴定和临床诊断。     

受虐待儿童眼底病理变化研究进展

受虐待儿童眼底病理变化研究进展刘鑫，胡红（北京市高级人民法院；北京１０００３９）ＤＥＶＥＬＯＰＭＥＮＴＯＦＲＥＳＥＡＲＣＨＯＮＦＵＮＤＵＳＰＡＴＨＯＬＯＧＩＣＣＨＡＮＧＥＳＩＮＣＨＩＬＤＡＢＵＳＥ（ＲＥＶＩＥＷ）￥ＬｉｕＸｉｎ；ＨｕＨｏｎｇ（Ｄｐｅａ...     

Could Intra‐alveolar Hemosiderin Deposition in Adults be Used as a Marker for Previous Asphyxial Episodes in Cases of Autoerotic Death?

Intra-alveolar hemorrhage and hemosiderin have been cited as possible markers of recent and remote asphyxial events. Little study has been undertaken of the potential significance of intra-alveolar hemosiderin in adults as a potential marker of previous sublethal asphyxial episodes. Ten cases of lethal sexual asphyxia (an entity known to be associated with repetitive sublethal asphyxial episodes) and 20 randomly selected, age- and sex-matched controls had sections of lung stained for hemosiderin. Subsequently, intra-alveolar, iron-containing macrophages were counted. All cases were men (ages 15-50 years; mean 31.8). No significant increase in hemosiderin was found in victims of sexual asphyxia, indicating that asphyxial episodes in sublethal sexual asphyxial activities may not be sufficiently intense or prolonged to cause intra-alveolar hemorrhage or that intra-alveolar hemorrhage in adults is a relatively nonspecific finding. These results do not support intra-alveolar hemosiderin deposition as a marker for previous sublethal asphyxial events in autoerotic asphyxia.     

实时定量PCR检测大鼠脑挫伤后HIF-1α mRNA的表达

目的研究大鼠脑挫伤后挫伤部位脑组织HIF-1α mRNA的表达随损伤时间变化的规律及其在脑损伤时间推断中的应用。方法以Feeney法建立大鼠闭合性脑挫伤模型,应用实时荧光定量PCR技术检测脑挫伤部位HIF-1α mRNA的表达,采用2-△△Ct法比较实验组与对照组脑组织HIF-1α mRNA表达的倍数关系。结果与对照组相比,HIF-1α mRNA的表达在伤后1h即达到高峰,随后下降,伤后24h出现一次较小高峰,3～14d逐渐恢复至对照组水平。结论脑挫伤后HIF-1α mRNA的表达随损伤时间的变化呈现出一定规律性,可作为推断早期脑挫伤经过时间的生物学指标之一。     

A comparison of pulmonary intra-alveolar hemorrhage in cases of sudden infant death due to SIDS in a safe sleep environment or to suffocation

The differentiation of SIDS from accidental or inflicted suffocation may be impossible without corroborating findings from the death scene or autopsy or in the absence of a confession from a perpetrator. Pulmonary intra-alveolar hemorrhage (PH) has been proposed as a potential clue to suffocation, but none of the previous studies on this topic have limited SIDS cases to those who were in a safe sleep environment, in which all were found supine and alone on a firm surface with their heads uncovered. Our aims are to: (1) compare PH in SIDS cases found in a safe sleep environment to a control group comprised of infants whose deaths were attributed to accidental or inflicted suffocation and (2) assess the effect of age, CPR, and postmortem interval (PMI), with regard to the severity of PH in this subset of safe-sleeping SIDS cases. We conducted a retrospective study of all postneonatal cases accessioned by the Office of the Medical Examiner in San Diego County, California who died of SIDS or suffocation between 1999 and 2004. A total of 74 cases of sudden infant death caused by SIDS (34 cases as defined above, comprising 8% of the total SIDS cases), accidental suffocation (37), and inflicted suffocation (3) from the San Diego SIDS/SUDC Research Project database were compared using a semiquantitative measure of pulmonary intra-alveolar hemorrhage. The most severe (grade 3 or 4) PH occurred in 35% of deaths attributed to suffocation, but in only 9% of the SIDS cases. Age, duration of CPR attempts and PMI had no effect on the severity of PH in SIDS. Our results indicate that the severity of PH cannot be used independently to differentiate SIDS from suffocation deaths. Each case must be evaluated on its own merits after thorough review of the medical history, circumstances of death, and postmortem findings.     

Femoral artery pseudoaneurysm and sudden death

Pseudoaneurysm formation may be a late complication of vascular grafting. A case of sudden death in an 83-year-old woman with a previous aortobifemoral bypass graft is reported that was due to spontaneous hemorrhage from a pseudoaneurysm of the graft site that had eroded through the overlying skin and subcutaneous tissues. Pseudoaneuryms do not have to be of a particularly large size for rupture to occur. Social isolation and age-related cognitive impairment may delay treatment in older individuals resulting in a lethal outcome. The elderly are also more vulnerable to serious morbidity and death under these circumstances owing to significant underlying cardiovascular and respiratory disease and/or anticoagulant medication. Rarer conditions that may cause pseudoaneurysms include tumors and vasculidites. The possibility of an infectious contribution to the pseudoaneurysm should be considered and microbiological sampling undertaken.     

外伤性癫痫的法医学鉴定21例分析

为了探讨颅脑损伤后癫痫的法医学鉴定要点,对 21例颅脑损伤后癫痫出现发作者进行了现病史、既往史调查,并结合临床脑电图（ EEG）及 X线片、 CT片、 MRI片等影像学资料。结果发现外伤后癫痫常继发于严重的颅脑损伤,多以晚期发作为主,其发作性质决定于颅脑损伤的部位和程度,头皮 EEG和 24小时动态 EEG证实有异常癫痫样波存在,影像学检查有助于定性分析。结果提示：外伤性癫痫法医学鉴定必须以掌握外伤史及既往史为基础,结合 EEG、 CT、 MRI等检查方可作出正确鉴定。     

大鼠不同程度脑挫伤后caspase-3表达的研究

目的阐明不同程度及不同时间脑挫伤后caspase-3表达的变化。方法应用免疫组织化学染色、Westernblot和RT-PCR方法对48例实验性脑挫伤大鼠的脑组织进行了检验,同时以3例非脑挫伤和3例假手术的脑组织做对照。结果伤后1hcaspase-3即有表达,24～48h达高峰,挫伤后14dcaspase-3仍维持较高水平。阳性细胞多集中于挫伤区及周围带皮质和脑实质内海马区,不同程度脑挫伤各组之间阳性细胞面积和灰度存在差异;损伤组caspase-3酶原裂解增加,不同程度脑挫伤各组之间存在一定的差异;损伤组cas鄄pase-3表达量明显高于对照组;不同程度脑挫伤组之间于各个时间段caspase-3mRNA表达未见差异。结论Caspase-3表达增加,可辅助诊断1h～14d的脑挫伤,caspase-3阳性细胞面积和灰度的变化及酶原裂解程度与脑挫伤程度有关。     

浅析外伤性脑梗塞

通过十四例外伤后脑梗塞案例分析,对外伤与脑梗塞的关系进行阐述,认为外伤性脑梗塞的主要原因是脑动脉血栓形成和栓塞。动脉内膜损伤致血栓形成多在四小时后;颅内出血致血管痉挛造成脑血栓多在1至3周之间;外伤致动脉粥样硬化斑块脱落造成栓塞即刻发生,结合年龄大小、有无心血管疾患以及脑梗塞的部位,便可弄清损伤与脑梗塞的关系。     

Mechanisms of Lethal Cerebrovascular Accidents in Turner Syndrome

A case of intracerebral hemorrhage in Turner syndrome is reported with an analysis of possible causes of cerebrovascular accidents in this condition. A 42‐year‐old woman with known Turner syndrome died soon after hospital admission having been found unconscious at her home address. At autopsy, she showed typical features of Turner syndrome with short stature, webbing of the neck, underdeveloped breasts, and an increased carrying angle of the arm. Death was due to a large left‐sided intracerebral hemorrhage extending from the left basal ganglia into the white matter of the frontal lobe and lateral ventricle. Cases of unexpected death in Turner syndrome may arise from occult cerebrovascular accidents which may be hemorrhagic or nonhemorrhagic. Associated features include hypertension, vascular malformations, accelerated atherogenesis, cystic medial necrosis, and moyamoya syndrome. The possibility of Turner syndrome should be considered in cases where there has been a lethal cerebrovascular event in a younger woman.