法官非物质利益保障的价值基础与制度建构——以法官角色伦理为视角

本文从法官角色伦理分析出发,分析法官职业的本质,从法律的不确定性与法官角色伦理的博弈中引出法官的任职保障制度对于做好"法律世界中"法官的重要价值意义。文章从确保法官职业身份、树立法官职业尊荣、强化法官职业队伍三方面就法官非物质利益保障的若干问题进行探讨。     

Fractured International Environmental Governance and the Potential Role of the Commonwealth in Biodiversity and Climate Change

Abstract

This paper begins by examining the reasons behind most failures of governance, including fault lines in institutional and professional specialisation, and in ideology. These three, forever competing within and between themselves, frustrate attempts to find solutions to some of the world's most pressing challenges. Not least among these are environmental challenges, where preferences and priorities that are geographically, professionally or ideologically narrow inevitably fail to achieve solutions for the greater good. What role can the Commonwealth play in addressing the fracture lines that bedevil solutions for climate change and biodiversity? It may help to stimulate global action on these issues if it can encourage agreement across multidimensional global boundaries. We know the Commonwealth is not a leading global force for controlling climate change or biodiversity loss; but if it had the political will it could be an exemplar of how, between a group of vastly diverse countries across the globe—and on the global political stage—binding agreement and positive action on climate change and biodiversity could be promoted and perhaps achieved. One of the strongest features of the Commonwealth is the generation of long-standing legal and ethical norms whose appeal is obvious even if their implementation is lacking. These norms should not be limited to the rule of law, democracy and human rights, but should include environmental norms because these too are fundamental to a satisfactory human condition.     

“会见不被监听”律师职业伦理的挑战及应对

我国新《刑事诉讼法》第37条中的“律师会见犯罪嫌疑人、被告人时不被监听”应当理解为“在辩护律师会见犯罪嫌疑人、被告人时,侦查、检察和审判机关不得通过任何电子设备获取或者派员在场旁听其谈话内容。”“会见不被监听”在赋予辩护律师与犯罪嫌疑人、被告人秘密自由交流权利的同时,对辩护律师的职业伦理提出了挑战。为保证辩护律师不滥用会见权,我国可以建立司法行政机关驻看守所监督律师会见制度。     

历史演绎正义:论有限责任制度之伦理进路

伦理融入法律促使法律制度蕴含人文气息而富有长盛不衰的生命力,有限责任制度是公司安身立命的前提性基础,有限责任的伦理决定了公司法的伦理内涵与人文精神.历史上的有限责任初显可能是出于经济需要,而有限责任旺盛的生命力则必然有其伦理性依归,有限责任制度化、规模化发展的本身体现着公众的伦理抉择.有限责任经历了从初期的个体间约定责任的民法选择到法律认可并予以制度化适用的商法选择,这个过程是伦理域内信任到信用的伦理过程,是契约自由和经济理性发挥能动性的过程,因此,有限责任的进化历程是人类衡平各方利益的伦理化进程.     

构建现代社会道德体系应以职业道德为基础

转型期的中国社会出现了"道德滑坡"现象。在以家庭美德为基础的传统社会道德体系逐渐解体的背景下,需要构建现代社会道德体系,需要顺应中国社会的转型推动道德转型。相较于传统社会道德体系以家庭美德为基础而言,现代社会道德体系的基础则是职业道德。职业道德是提升全民道德水平的支点,在这个过程中,政府及公职人员应从态度、行动和形象上转变角色,积极构建现代社会道德体系。     

论儒家伦理的宗教功能及其文化作用——兼与基督教文化比较

如果说,西方伦理是从属于基督教、是基督教派生的,上帝之死会导致伦理价值的崩溃;那么,儒家伦理则是由现实的血缘关系出发的一种准宗教文化建构.虽然“儒教”并非宗教而是一种伦理教化,然而,这种伦理教化却具有宗教的功能.它既能够慰藉个体的孤独情怀,又能以伦理架构的整体性超越死亡.儒家的伦理本位与基督教的上帝本位导致中西文化很多方面的不同,无论是将个体生命融入家国族类的整体、追求现世的自我还善,还是五四反传统的传统动因,都打上了儒家伦理的深刻印记.     

集体主义伦理观与权利

集体主义伦理观与个体主义伦理观相对,它是中国的一直占主导地位的伦理观,从古代到当代,不乏代表人物,当然西方也有少数代表人物。集体主义伦理观为权利观念的生成和权利制度的形成起到了负面的作用。倡导法治,我们必须充分认识集体主义伦理观的弱点,这样才能为权利的发展提供更为广阔的空间。     

试析和谐社会中的政府行政伦理建设——美国经验的启示

政府保持清正廉洁是构建和谐社会的重要因素。美国政府已经基本形成一个相对完整的政府行政伦理体系。而其体系的建构则经过了上百年的历程,是由他律转变为自律的过程。美国政府道德规范体系的构建经验对中国有一定的借鉴意义。     

Ethical,legal, social,and policy issues in the use of genomic technology by the U.S. Military

Advances in genomic science are attracting the interest of the U.S. military for their potential to improve medical care for members of the military and to aid in military recruitment, training, specialization, and mission accomplishment. While researchers have explored the ethical, legal, and social issues raised by the use of genomic science in a wide variety of contexts, there has been virtually no examination of these issues in connection with the use of genomics by the military. This article identifies potential uses of genomic science by the military, proposes an applicable ethical and legal framework, and applies the framework to provide ethical and legal guidance for military decision-makers.