略论清末国民意识中的性别与权利之关系--以女子参政权为中心的考察

清末关于国民意识中性别与权利之关系的问题,存在着正反两股相悖的思想潮流:一是少数男性女权主义者,尤其是个别先进女性,提出“女国民”的概念,认为女性当然具有相应的参政等方面的权利。二是大多数人在探讨近代国民意识时,或是有意无意地忽视性别这个问题,或是贬低甚至否定女性的国民资格及其相应的参政等方面的权利。文章认为,论者探讨清末女权思潮时,往往有片面夸大之处,因而并不能全面反映客观真实的历史,更无法解释复杂历史的矛盾纠葛。其实,清末人对于女权的提倡与压制并存,双方的力量是极不成比例的,这样正反相悖的两股思想潮流,正是民初女子参政权运动得以兴起与终至失败的思想根源。     

近十年我国社区服刑人员心理健康状况的元分析

为全面反映近十年我国社区服刑人员的心理健康水平,搜索中国学术期刊网全文数据库,根据文献的筛选和剔除标准,共选入8篇包括703名研究对象的SCL-90的研究成果,对其进行了元分析,并使用Review Manger 5.3进行数据处理。结果表明,仅有躯体化及精神病性两个因子的合并效应量(分别为0.14,p=0.005和0.12,p=0.02)与中国正常人常模相比有显著差异,但合并效应量均落在小效应范围内,且其余7个因子的合并效应量与全国常模相比均无明显差异。可见社区服刑人员并非心理健康的异常群体,他们的心理健康状况基本与常人相同。     

Participatory effects of regional authority: decentralisation and political participation in comparative perspective

This article studies political participation in the context of decentralisation in Europe. Recent secession attempts demonstrate how the demand for decentralisation energises citizens. Yet the fact that decentralised institutions, initially, were endorsed to increase citizens’ participation is often neglected. In order to test this contention empirically, three theoretically informed arguments are developed, making use of the most recent data on regional authority for 282 regions in 20 European countries. Results of three-level hierarchical models lend support to the arguments. Regional self-rule increases probabilities to engage only in more demanding and less common forms of participation. It also acts as a political opportunity structure, moderating the influence of individual driving forces of participation. Participatory effects on protest activity, however, turn out to be endogenous, as the instrumental variable analysis indicates that decentralisation does not increase protest, but rather the reverse. These findings seem relevant to the current heated debates both on secession attempts and waning political involvement.     

尸体腐败微生物的研究进展

法医学死亡时间的推断已从传统的病理学诊断转变为多证据佐证的模式。自然状态下尸体腐败过程受多因素影响,其中微生物是影响尸体腐败的敏感指标,因此,尸体上微生物群落的结构的变化有可能成为死亡时间推断的新依据。本文综述了自然状态下尸体上微生物群落的演替特征及影响因素,并列举了微生物的取样、储存及检测方法,希望能为法医微生物学的研究及实践提供参考。     

Identifying risks for male street gang affiliation: a systematic review and narrative synthesis

Gang violence has increased in recent years. Individuals appear to be joining gangs at younger ages, and many have suffered historic maltreatment. Subsequent exposure to violence can result in profound consequences, including acute psychological harm. This review aims to identify predictive risk factors for male street gang affiliation. A systematic literature search was conducted utilising PsycINFO, PsycARTICLES, Medline, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews and the Social Policy and Practice databases (from the databases’ inception to 3 April 2015). From this search, n = 244 peer-reviewed papers were included in an initial scoping review, and n = 102 thereafter met criteria for a systematic review; a narrative synthesis follows. Gang members have typically faced numerous historic adversities across multiple domains; individual, family, peers, school and community. Cumulative factors generated an independent risk. The meta-narrative described an overarching failure to safeguard vulnerable individuals, with the motivation for gang affiliation hypothetically arising from an attempt to have their basic needs met. Clinical and research recommendations were made to inform early intervention policy and practice.     

Will ‘broken windows policing’ work in Trinidad and Tobago? A critical perspective on zero tolerance and community policing in a multi-ethnic society

Trinidad and Tobago (T&T) is a multi-ethnic Caribbean nation currently experiencing problems with disorder and violent crime. In response, practitioners have considered the merits of introducing broken windows policing. This article examines the literature on zero tolerance policing, also known as ‘broken windows policing,’ and explores the dangers of potentially harmful interpretations of this approach, particularly in the context of racial and political conflict in a developing society. It also explores whether broken windows can be effective in T&T, where there is social unrest and declining public support for police. Based on prior research, it is suggested that broken windows policing, when incorporated with targeted problem-solving approaches, could be successful in reducing crime in the short-term. Several problem-solving strategies that were effective in New York City and other American cities are also recommended. It is suggested that community-oriented policing strategies designed to increase citizens’ trust and confidence in police be properly implemented before the adoption of any of these problem-solving strategies.     

德州市水域中硅藻分布的研究

目的研究德州市水域中硅藻分布的特点,建立德州市春季和夏季的各水域硅藻数据库。方法对德州市主要水域的130个取水地点进行春季和夏季两次采样,用强酸消解-真空抽滤-扫描电镜法检测各水域中硅藻的种属及含量,统计分析水域中硅藻含量、群落组成、相对丰度和优势种属特点。结果夏季的硅藻含量高于春季的硅藻含量,河流两个季节硅藻含量无统计学显著差异(P>0.05),湖泊和水库两个季节硅藻含量存在统计学差异(P<0.05)。各水域之间硅藻含量存在差异,含量最高为608020个/10mL,最少为10个/10mL。各水域之间种属组成、优势种属和种属优势率存在差异。结论德州地区不同水域、不同季节的水中硅藻种属和含量具有明显的特异性;建立硅藻数据库和掌握本地区水域中硅藻种属特点,有助于德州市水域内水中尸体案件硅藻的检验和落水地点的判断。     

Tel Aviv and the question of separation from Jaffa 1921–1936

The ordinance granting Tel Aviv the status of local council was given in 1921. Immediately thereafter, the municipal council acted to amend the terms of the ordinance so as to free Tel Aviv entirely from the supervision of Jaffa municipality. Tel Aviv aimed for the status of an independent municipality, but still wished to safeguard its interests in Jaffa. Detachment from Jaffa was for long a central issue for Tel Aviv municipality. The article analyses the Jewish side's stance on Jaffa from 1921 until the outbreak of the disturbances in 1936, when Tel Aviv detached itself almost entirely from Jaffa. In the 1920s, the importance of Jaffa for the Jews was mainly economic, but in the 1930s, the addition of the demographic dimension reflected the growing status of the Jaffa Jewish community and was decisive in increasing the Jewish influence in Jaffa.     

Co‐authorship Networks in Swiss Political Research

Co‐authorship is an important indicator of scientific collaboration. Co‐authorship networks are composed of sub‐communities, and researchers can gain visibility by connecting these insulated subgroups. This article presents a comprehensive co‐authorship network analysis of Swiss political science. Three levels are addressed: disciplinary cohesion and structure at large, communities, and the integrative capacity of individual researchers. The results suggest that collaboration exists across geographical and language borders even though different regions focus on complementary publication strategies. The subfield of public policy and administration has the highest integrative capacity. Co‐authorship is a function of several factors, most importantly being in the same subfield. At the individual level, the analysis identifies researchers who belong to the “inner circle” of Swiss political science and who link different communities. In contrast to previous research, the analysis is based on the full set of publications of all political researchers employed in Switzerland in 2013, including past publications.     

Taking Turns at the Ballot Box: Selective Participation as a New Perspective on Low Turnout

Participation research on voting usually considers only one vote or election, and therefore separates citizens into the categories of participants and absentees. Consequently, low turnout often is discussed to mean that citizens are either not interested in or fed up with the political system. This paper argues that this cross‐sectional perspective severely underestimates political participation particularly in democracies in which citizens regularly are asked to vote using direct democratic ballot measures. Taking into account not just one but 15 ballot decisions simultaneously, this paper demonstrates that a majority of citizens participates only selectively, and therefore voluntarily chooses to abstain. Using official turnout data, which enables the tracking of individuals’ participative behaviour over time in a Swiss commune, this paper demonstrates that selective participation is indeed a relevant empirical phenomenon and presents first conclusions about who participates selectively and when these individuals are mobilized.