中德警务“柏林模式”与“福建模式”比较探析

德国从1997年起历经9年实施完成"柏林模式"警务改革,初步实现了欧洲警务长期以来追求的全能民警的目标。实地考察"柏林模式"警务改革,并与正在实施的福建省综合警务改革创新"福建模式"进行比较分析,从德国警方先进的警务理念、成熟的警务体制、理性的警务模式、务实的警务规范和高效的勤务策略中获得启示:综合用警、一警多能是现代警务发展的潮流和趋势;淡化警种、强化培训是提升警察素质的途径和要求;理性规范、务实高效是警方充分履职的基础和保证。     

两大法系证人保护制度的比较与借鉴

英美法系国家证人保护制度比大陆法系国家证人保护制度完善，范围较广，在证人具体保护方式和条件方面两大法系国家也存在区别。我国法律对证人的保护规定较少，并存在诸多问题。只有证人或者其特定关系人的人身安全受到实际危害或有造成实际危害的危险时，才有必要对其或特定关系人采取特殊保护措施。建立证人保护专门机构，有利于防止部门间相互推诿，也有利于对证人保护进行统一管理、调度，增强对证人保护力度。对于出庭证人的保护措施，应当包含作证前的预防性措施、作证后的事后保护性措施及对证人亲属的保护措施等。     

论我国的社区管理模式

用建立社区福利中心的社区发展方法来推动地区经济社会整体发展的思想已被越来越多的国家接受并实施.在我国,随着改革开放的深入和经济社会的发展,社区建设与社区管理从90年代后开始受到重视,逐渐形成深圳罗湖、上海浦东、佛山城南和沈阳东大4个各具特色和优势的模式,同时也存在一些应引起高度重视的问题.     

“私小说”创作流变－－郁达夫、陈染小说比较

郁达夫、陈染是本世纪初期和本世纪末期在“私小说”创作领域颇有成就的两位代表作家。他们以自己的亲身经历或亲身感受抒写着人类共同的情感体验 :孤独、苦闷、对爱情的追求和对死亡的思考。本文拟从这几个方面来比较一下这两位作家创作的异同     

The Case for a Participation Income: Acknowledging and Valuing the Diversity of Social Participation

Anthony Atkinson's idea of a participation income draws attention to the various ways in which people contribute to society. Current discussions on social participation go beyond paid work to include volunteering, education, and caregiving to kin. With the idea of the participation income, various forms of contribution can be highlighted and acknowledged. This article investigates how the idea of a participation income is reflected in Danish, Finnish, German and Dutch social policies. It shows that different elements of a participation income are incorporated in active labour market policies: Denmark adopted a narrow focus on paid work; Finland seeks tailor‐made solutions for the long‐term unemployed; Germany reformed many policy areas to achieve a better activation; and the Netherlands acknowledges a wide range of social participation forms. These country differences highlight that governments can adapt the idea of a participation income to achieve the focus they desire.     

The Role of Policy Labs in Policy Experiment and Knowledge Transfer: A Comparison across the UK,Denmark, and Singapore

Abstract

Policy labs have been increasingly used to generate scientific evidence and political momentum to boost policy experiments, but our understanding of the conditions for knowledge creation and transfer through policy experiments in the labs is scarce. This paper compares the UK’s Cabinet Office’s Behavioral Insights Team (BIT), Denmark’s the Danish MindLab, and Singapore’s the Human Experience Lab (THE Lab) to identify their similarities and differences in fostering policy experiment and knowledge transfer. It is found that BIT as the “Nudge Unit” is keen on bringing in rigorous scientific evidence to advocate effective albeit controversial policies, critical to its survival and influence in an adversarial political circumstance. MindLab takes more initiative to co-create and run projects together with agencies and organizations. THE Lab is dedicated to gleaning ethnographic insights from various stakeholders to support design thinking in policy implementation. These discernable differences can be attributed to their different political regimes and policy environments, which suggest workable avenues for policy labs in other countries.     

Cognitive biases in the peer review of bullet and cartridge case comparison casework: A field study

ObjectiveForensic judgments and their peer review are often the result of human assessment and are thus subjective and prone to bias. This study examined whether bias affects forensic peer review.HypothesesWe hypothesized that the probability of disagreement between two forensic examiners about the proposed conclusion would be higher with “blind” peer review (reviewer saw only the first examiner’s comparison photos) than with “non-blind” peer review (reviewer also saw the first examiner’s interpretation and proposed conclusion). We also hypothesized that examiners with a higher perceived professional status would have a larger effect on the reported conclusion than examiners with a lower status.MethodWe acquired data during a non-blind and a blind peer review procedure in a naturalistic, covert study with eight examiners (3–26 years of experience). We acquired 97 conclusions of bullet and cartridge case comparisons in the blind and 471 in the non-blind peer review procedure.ResultsThe odds of disagreement between examiners about the evidential strength of a comparison were approximately five times larger (95%-CI [3.06, 8.50]) in the blind than in the non-blind procedure, with disagreement about 42.3% and 12.5% of the proposed conclusions, respectively. Also, the odds that their proposed conclusion was reported as the final conclusion were approximately 2.5 higher for the higher-status examiners than for lower-status examiners.ConclusionsOur results support both the hypothesis that bias occurs during non-blind forensic peer review and the hypothesis that higher-status examiners determine the outcome of a discussion more than lower-status examiners. We conclude that blind peer review may reduce the probability of bias and that status effects have an impact on the peer reviewing process.     

Families in multi-problem situations: Backgrounds,characteristics, and care services

The article reviews practical experiences and theoretical reflections from the Dutch child and youth care sector on the provision of care for families with multiple problems. Emphasis is laid upon the complex relations between socioeconomic and psychosocial problems, and subsequent issues that may arise in arranging child and youth care. Furthermore, the current state of discussion in program development for the target group in the Netherlands is introduced. The originally English concept of families with multiple problems has been used only modestly in German-speaking countries. This is remarkable from an international perspective, especially considering the re-emerging prominence of social policies that define families as a site of social work practice in English-speaking countries. We conclude that the themes, as derived from our review open up possibilities for further international comparisons, and can provide valuable reference for the transnational discourse about child and youth care services for families with multiple problems.     

在自由与规制之间——两大法系自由心证主义比较研究

诉讼正义实现的基础在于案件真相的发现.就案件真相的发现模式而言,英美法系和大陆法系虽然发展历程彼此相异,但却殊途同归.前者经历了从绝对自由的证明到相对自由的证明;后者经历了从绝对不自由的证明到相对自由的证明.现代两大法系自由心证主义以自由与规制、真相发现与抑制主观随意性为最重要的特征.两大法系对自由心证的合理规制值得我们借鉴和学习.     

海峡两岸检察机关定位的比较研究

检察机关的定位是检察制度中最核心的内容之一,海峡两岸的检察制度虽然经历了不同的发展历程,但是,两地在进行检察改革时却面临着一些共同性问题。对两地检察机关定位的比较,可以揭示两地在检察改革时的差异和联系,这对促进两地司法改革经验的交流将产生重要的积极影响。