法庭语音学

本文对法庭语音学进行了研究综述,主要介绍了该学科的核心内容：说话人鉴定。在实际办案中,当未找到嫌疑人,只有犯罪分子的检材语音时,可以使用说话人画像/说话人分类技术。若没有犯罪分子的录音证据时,可以让受害人和证人进行说话人的听觉辨认。具体的辨认形式有两种：对熟人辨认和对陌生人辨认,在对陌生人辨认时可以采用语音辨认的方法进行。当检材语音和样本语音都齐备的时候,法庭语音分析专家就可以对二者进行比对检验了。目前语音比对分析涉及到的问题和领域有：基于贝叶斯方法的法庭推理和似然比计算、共振峰频率的测量应用、非解析感知与样例理论、法庭说话人自动识别以及不同方法的综合应用等。     

在比较与借鉴意义上加强青年国家忠诚教育

在国家观念教育层次上开展更富有现代公民教育特点的国家忠诚教育,是各国普遍重视的内容。其中,美国、俄罗斯等国家的公民忠诚教育在教育对象、教育载体、教育保障、教育科研等方面的探索,可以为我国开展公民教育提供有益借鉴。我国的青年国家忠诚教育,可以在人群范围、法律依据和制度监控、挖掘和开发中华民族传统文化中＂忠诚＂教育的精华思想、坚持不懈地长期开展公民仪式教育等方面尝试创新和深化。     

中日文化比较研究的几点思考

中日文化既有相通之处,更有差异。不同的文化背景使这些差异逐渐放大了,在了解日本文化的同时必须着眼于相同点与相异点。日本在模仿中国文化的长期过程中逐步创新,生发出本民族的文化特色。在关注日本文化独特审美情趣时,应该避免将这种独特性绝对化,以历史的、发展的、科学的眼光来研究和探索中日两国的文化与交流。     

The Analysis of Metameric Blue Fibers and Their Forensic Significance

Abstract:  Metamerism is a phenomenon where two or more colored items with different colorant chemistries appear to the observer to be the same color. Those differences should result in different UV-visible spectra. Additionally, the literature on color science states that metameric samples will have spectra that intersect at three or more loci. Metameric samples of blue textile fibers, which were created using different coloring agents or different relative concentrations of the coloring agents, were studied to demonstrate that they could be differentiated by obtaining their spectra between 350 and 800 nm using UV-visible microspectrophotometry. However, while some of the metameric samples tested did intersect at three or more loci, others did not intersect at all. In the spectra that did intersect, no correlation was found between either the dye chemistries or the relative component concentrations.     

股权分置改革对资本市场的有效性影响——基于三因子模型的实证研究

从理论上讲,股权分置改革解决了上市公司2／3非流通股的流通问题,从而促进了资本市场的有效发展。通过检验股改后的三因子模型,可以从实证角度证实这一论点。     

粤港澳出入境管理制度之比较

粤港澳出入境管理制度在体制、模式等方面有各自的特点,三地应相互借鉴和融合,把握今后内地往来港澳管理制度的设置方向,加强出入境领域的合作,方便人员往来,共同打击出入境领域的各类违法犯罪,维护出入境秩序。     

交通事故归责原则与损害赔偿理论研究

《道路交通事故处理办法》与《中华人民共和国民法通则》关于道路交通事故的归则原则完全不同 ,这导致了交通事故损害赔偿的不同。分析比较了各主要国家对交通事故的归责原则 ,并且从法学理论上对之进行研究。认为汽车与非机动车、行人发生的交通事故 ,应采取无过错责任原则 ,才更能体现法的公平与正义     

Quantitative Statistics and Identification of Tool‐Marks

This study was designed to establish a feature identification method of tool‐mark 2D data. A uniform local binary pattern histogram operator was developed to extract the tool‐mark features, and the random forest algorithm was adopted to identify these. The presented method was used to conduct five groups of experiments with a 2D dataset of known matched and nonmatched tool‐marks made by bolt clippers, cutting pliers, and screwdrivers. The experimental results show that the proposed method achieved a high rate of identification of the tool‐mark samples generated under identical conditions. The proposed method effectively overcomes the disadvantage of unstable illumination of 2D tool‐mark image data and avoids the difficulty in mark inspection caused by manually preset parameters in the existing methods, thus reducing the uncertainty of inspected results.     

Lessons learned from inter-laboratory studies of carbon isotope analysis of honey

Forensic application of carbon isotope ratio measurements of honey and honey protein to investigate the degree of adulteration with high fructose corn syrup or other C₄ plant sugars is well established. These measurements must use methods that exhibit suitable performance criteria, particularly with regard to measurement uncertainty and traceability – low levels of adulteration can only be detected by methods that result in suitably small measurement uncertainties such that differences of 1‰ or less can be reliably detected. Inter-laboratory exercises are invaluable to assess the state-of-the art of measurement capabilities of laboratories necessary to achieve such performance criteria. National and designated metrology institutes from a number of countries recently participated in an inter-laboratory assessment (CCQM-K140) of stable carbon isotope ratio determination of bulk honey. The same sample material was distributed to a number of forensic isotope analysis laboratories that could not participate directly in the metrological comparison. The results from these studies have demonstrated that the majority of participants provided isotope delta values with acceptable performance metrics; that all participants ensured traceability of their results; and that where measurement uncertainties were reported; these were fit-for-purpose. A number of the forensic laboratories only reported precision rather than full estimates of measurement uncertainty and this was the major cause of the few instances of questionable performance metrics. Reporting of standard deviations in place of measurement uncertainties is common practice outside metrology institutes and the implications for interpretations of small differences in isotopic compositions are discussed. The results have also highlighted a number of considerations that are useful for organisers of similar inter-laboratory studies in the future.     

A part-declared blind testing program in firearms examination

In 2015 and 2016 the Central Unit of the Dutch National Police created and submitted 21 cartridge case comparison tests as real cases to the Netherlands Forensic Institute (NFI), under supervision of the University of Twente (UT). A total of 53 conclusions were drawn in these 21 tests. For 31 conclusions the underlying ground truth was “positive”, in the sense that it addressed a cluster of cartridge cases that was fired from the same firearm. For 22 conclusions the ground truth was “negative”, in the sense that the cartridge cases were fired from different firearms. In none of the conclusions, resulting from examinations under casework conditions, misleading evidence was reported. All conclusions supported the hypothesis reflecting the ground truth. This article discusses the design and results of the tests in more detail.