我国产业竞争优势转型在大数据环境下的新研究

大数据时代不可逆转的到来,昭示着产业竞争优势出现新的转型契机。通过合理化大数据使用态度,并结合我国产业发展的实际状况,找寻出大数据库建设滞后,存在严重的外部依赖性、大数据的知识产权保护意识和手段不足、人才队伍建设缺乏顶层设计等诸多阻碍大数据促进产业竞争优势转型的桎梏。由此提出,建立服务产业竞争的独立大数据体系是获取竞争优势的全程保证,这就需要厘清独立大数据体系的建立基础、标准和作用域。最终通过大数据与物联网和智慧城市联动发展,使中国在新一轮产业竞争优势转型中夺得先机。     

电子商务平台MFN条款的反垄断法分析

近年来在电子商务平台领域,围绕MFN条款产生的垄断行为逐渐引起各国反垄断机构的关注,已经涌现出如“苹果电子书案”“亚马逊电子书案”“在线酒店预订(OTA)案”等典型案例。由于MFN条款具有促进竞争和限制竞争的双重效果,各国在规制MFN条款垄断行为过程中面临着适用原则选择、违法性认定依据选择和责任追究等多重分歧和困境。在市场高度集中、信息高度透明的电子商务平台领域,涉MFN条款的垄断行为可能更易达成,危害性也可能更为严重。我国有必要借鉴域外经验,形成对涉MFN条款垄断行为的违法性认定标准体系和追责机制,防范和减轻MFN条款引起的限制竞争效果。     

商业银行提高核心竞争力探析

文章认为,商业银行的核心竞争力由品牌与企业文化、非凡的创新能力、人才和诚信四个要素组成。应对市场竞争,商业银行需从七个方面入手创新和提高其核心竞争力。     

契约文书之于古人生活的意义

古代中国社会存在着稳定的契约秩序,契约文书之于古人的个人生活有着重要的意义。契约本身是中国人的一种生活方式,古人的经济关系乃至人身关系在一定程度上都是靠契约文书来维系的。契约文书是古人生活中须臾不可离开的东西,为中国人追求自己的理想生活(二十亩地、一头牛,老婆孩子热炕头)提供了约束和保障机制及互相之间的行为规范,使每个人在追求各自理想生活的时候,有规则可循,从而形成稳定的社会秩序。     

论遗赠扶养协议的扩张适用

遗赠扶养协议的扩张适用,可成为另类养老合同,以减缓老龄化社会带来的家庭养老压力。遗赠扶养协议实质是遗赠人和扶养人确立遗赠与扶养权利与义务的民事合同,老年人通过遗赠扶养协议的形式解决养老问题,既享受协议约定的各项权利,又履行协议产生的义务,是尊重自我决定权、维持生活正常化和实现养老内容自治化的体现。遗赠扶养协议是实现物与扶养行为交换价值的财产关系,具有扶养能力、愿意承担扶养义务的自然人都可以成为遗赠扶养协议的扶养方,不能独立生活或独立生活有困难而需要他人照顾的老年人都可以根据自己的特殊需要签订遗赠扶养协议。     

Standard Form Contracts as Transnational Law: Evidence from the Derivatives Markets

This paper uses new research into the derivatives markets to develop our understanding of standard form contracts as transnational law and to show how transnational law theory may be usefully informed by empirical work. Traditionally, it has been assumed that international business communities seek to avoid the courts. However, the paper shows that the national courts play a prominent role in adjudicating disputes involving derivatives. Basing the discussion on the detail of these decisions by the English courts, the paper demonstrates that adjudication does not necessarily undermine widely used standard form contracts, and that it may even reinforce practices that underpin them. This is particularly the case where there is imperfect co‐incidence between a trade association's members and a standard form contract's users. Having explored recent cases, the paper reconciles its findings with a more open and imaginative account of the role of national courts within transnational law theory.     

论融资租赁合同中承租人的索赔权

融资租赁合同中承租人对出卖人享有索赔权,其理论依据是债权让与说:依据契约条款,租赁公司将自己对于供应商的买卖契约上的请求权转让给承租人。承租人行使索赔权须具备三个条件:出卖人不履行买卖合同义务;出租人、出卖人、承租人三方约定承租人对出卖人有索赔权;该约定须符合法律规定。     

论国家豁免在雇佣合同中的适用

在雇佣合同与国家豁免的关系问题上,国家之间的最大分歧在于,政府的雇员是否有权以及在什么程度上有权在法院地国起诉雇佣国。国家实践和立法的现状所预示的趋势是:在涉及雇主为国家的诉讼中,法院对与私法领域的雇佣合同完全相同的雇佣合同通常会实施管辖权,但是,如果这类合同涉及到雇员对政府职能的履行,法院就会给予被告国家豁免权。     

Comparative Climate Change Policy and Federalism: An Overview

This commentary provides an overview of the four papers in this issue of Review of Policy Research on the politics of climate change. The papers all address in one way or another aspects of how federal‐type systems are dealing with the collective action and multilevel governance issues of climate change policy. The comparative study of federal systems provides insight into how domestic authority is so often overlapping and divided when dealing with greenhouse gas emissions and climate change. Federal arrangements offer a rich array of norms, institutions, and practices for tackling these problems. Federal systems grapple continuously with the kinds of issues that are the most intractable in the climate change case, such as overcoming interregional differences of interests and values. A common federal feature is competition among subnational governments and between them and national or federated governments over climate change policy, which has been especially significant in the United States and in Canada in the relative absence of national action––although soberingly, the whole is as yet nowhere near as great as the sum of the parts. More significant, but rarer is the achievement of tighter coordination in federal systems achieved through intergovernmental co‐decision, as seen in the European Community and Australia. This has been accomplished in large part due to a consensus among all intergovernmental parties on the nature of the problem and congruence with the existing international regime, characteristics missing in the North American context.     

Copyright in the blockchain era: Promises and challenges

The paper focuses on various legal-related aspects of the application of blockchain technologies in the copyright sphere. Specifically, it outlines the existing challenges for distribution of copyrighted works in the digital environment, how they can be solved with blockchain, and what associated issues need to be addressed in this regard. It is argued that blockchain can introduce long-awaited transparency in matters of copyright ownership chain; substantially mitigate risks of online piracy by enabling control over digital copy and creating a civilized market for “used” digital content. It also allows to combine the simplicity of application of creative commons/open source type of licenses with revenue streams, and thus facilitate fair compensation of authors by means of cryptocurrency payments and Smart contracts. However, these benefits do not come without a price: many new issues will need to be resolved to enable the potential of blockchain technologies. Among them are: where to store copyrighted content (on blockchain or “off-chain”) and the associated need to adjust the legal status of online intermediaries; how to find a right balance between immutable nature of blockchain records and the necessity to adjust them due to the very nature of copyright law, which assigns ownership based on a set of informal facts, not visible to the public. Blockchain as a kind of time stamping service cannot itself ensure the trustworthiness of facts, which originate “off-chain”. More work needs to be done on the legal side: special provisions aimed at facilitating user's trust in blockchain records and their good faith usage of copyrighted works based on them need to be introduced and transactions with cryptocurrencies have to be legalized as well as the status of Smart contracts and their legal consequences. Finally, the economics of blockchain copyright management systems need to be carefully considered in order to ensure that they will have necessary network effects. If those issues are resolved in a satisfactory way, blockchain has the potential to rewrite how the copyright industry functions and digital content is distributed.