TARGETED ENFORCEMENT AND ADVERSE SYSTEM SIDE EFFECTS: THE GENERATION OF FUGITIVES IN PHILADELPHIA*

Research on targeted enforcement in high‐crime places has focused on direct crime‐reduction impacts, possible displacement of crime, and more recently, diffusion of benefits to adjacent areas. Studies have ignored other unanticipated negative effects that a place‐oriented enforcement intervention may have on the justice system overall. Using the generation of fugitive defendants as one possible example of an important system side effect, this study proposes hypotheses relating to adverse, generalized, system side effects of a place‐ and crime‐focused intervention, and it tests for target area and targeted crime‐type effects, nontarget area and nontargeted crime‐type effects, and overall system effects. The analysis employs a multiple interrupted time‐series design [auto‐regressive integrated moving average (ARIMA)] to test the impact of one widely publicized, geographically targeted drug‐enforcement strategy in Philadelphia (Operation Sunrise, formally launched in June 1998) on the incidence of bench warrants as a measure of fugitives (weekly aggregate bench warrants series for the period January 1994–May 2005; N= 590 observations). The findings appear to support all hypotheses as they relate to the example of the generation of fugitives, and suggest a generalized system adverse side effect from the circumscribed place‐ and crime‐focused intervention. The implications of the findings for both research and policy relating to targeted enforcement interventions are discussed.     

With a little help from my neighbours: A spatial analysis of the impact of local campaigns at the 2010 British general election

This article examines the electoral impact of spillover effects in local campaigns in Britain. For the first time, this is applied to the long as well as the short campaign. Using spatial econometric modelling on constituency data from the 2010 general election, there is clear empirical evidence that, in both campaign periods, the more a party spends on campaigning in constituencies adjacent to constituency i, the more votes it gets in constituency i. Of the three major political parties, the Liberal Democrats obtained the greatest electoral payoff. Future empirical analyses of voting at the constituency scale must, therefore, explicitly take account of spatial heterogeneity in order to correctly gauge the magnitude and significance of factors that affect parties' parliamentary performance.     

中国共产党抗日游击战研究

对中共抗日游击战的地位和作用,过去曾有比较广泛的研究,但在近年有关抗日战争史的研究和评论中,出现对其忽略、甚至低估的现象,因此就形成了如何认识和评价中共抗日游击战的问题;另外,关于中共抗日游击战方针的内涵、演变及其原因,该方针与国民党的关系等,还存在值得深入研究的空间.有鉴于此,本文围绕这些问题,尝试进行一些学理上的探讨.     

有广泛社会影响案件相关问题探讨

有广泛社会影响案件隐藏着复杂深刻的社会背景,折射出刑事案件对社会、法制、政治的巨大影响力,给刑事侦查工作带来严峻挑战。我们处置有广泛社会影响案件还存在着诸多不足,如思想上敏感程度不高,在处置技巧上能力欠缺,还跟不上形势需要,在取证的能力上、现场勘查的水平上、办案的程序规范上存在许多问题,特别是距离实现法律、社会、政治效果三者统一还有很大的差距。提高处置有广泛社会影响案件能力水平是当前刑侦工作的重大课题。     

行为法经济学视角下的人性假设理论框架研究简

行为法经济学视角下的人性假设理论框架主要包括四种偏离传统经济学“理性人”模型的行为模式：一是有限理性,指人们有限的认知能力;二是有限意志力,指人们有限的自制力;三是有限自利,指人们关心公平和他人的幸福;四是情境问题,指个人偏好会受情境影响.这一理论框架是规范研究的基础,也是学科体系的重要组成部分.     

Who supports minority rights in popular votes? Empirical evidence from Switzerland

Recent research shows that well-educated citizens are more supportive of minority rights in direct democratic votes than people with less education. This article however suggests that educational effects on minority rights only emerge under certain conditions. A Bayesian multilevel analysis of 39 referendums and initiatives on minority rights in Switzerland (1981–2009) shows that educational effects are particularly strong when the rights of lesser-known cultural minorities are to be extended. They are entirely absent, however, when referenda address the curtailment of rights for well-known minority groups.     

Naturalistic decision making in forensic science: toward a better understanding of decision making by forensic team leaders

This study uses the naturalistic decision-making (NDM) perspective to examine how Dutch forensic team leaders (i.e., the officers in charge of criminal forensic research from the crime scene until the use of laboratory assistance) make decisions in real-life settings and identifies the contextual factors that might influence those decisions. First, a focus group interview was conducted to identify four NDM mechanisms in day-to-day forensic decision making. Second, a serious game was conducted to examine the influence of three of these contextual mechanisms. The results uncovered that forensic team leaders (i) were attracted to obtain further information when more information was initially made available, (ii) were likely to devote more attention to emotionally charged cases, and (iii) used not only forensic evidence in the decision making but also tactical, unverified information of the police inquiry. Interestingly, the measured contextual influences did not deviate significantly from a control group of laypeople.     

自主创新与知识产权保护——基于江苏软件产业的研究

软件业的自主创新具有重要的战略意义,而要自主创新,就必须加强软件知识产权的保护。二者存在双向互动关系:一方面,知识产权制度为自主创新提供了动力和基础;另一方面,自主创新构成知识产权保护制度的核心目标,对社会形成尊重、保护知识产权的氛围,促进相关制度的完善有着重要的作用。江苏软件业已具有一定规模,目前在知识产权保护强度、行业创新能力方面虽居全国前列,但与发达地区相比仍存在较大差距;典型企业知识产权管理和运用状况整体上也不容乐观。综合分析来看,江苏软件业具备了进入更高水平自主创新和知识产权保护阶段的条件,理应采取相应措施促其迈进。     

论隐名代理的构成与效力

隐名代理为大陆法与英美法普遍承认。借鉴比较法上的经验,我国隐名代理应当包括代理人以自己名义行为以及代理人既未以自己名义也未以被代理人名义行为两种情形。在前一情形下,相对人知道代理关系方可成立代理;在后一情形下,相对人知道或者应当知道代理关系都可以成立代理。代理人以自己名义行为构成隐名代理的情形应当严格限制在几种特定环境之下。在当事人明示排除或者法律特别规定的情况下,不能适用隐名代理的规定。隐名代理的后果应当是代理行为的效果归属于被代理人。