国际法中健康权的产生、内涵及实施机制

健康权作为二战后兴起的一项重要人权,其发展路径具有从国际法向国内法扩展的特点。"人身的固有尊严"是健康权的正当性基础所在,也决定着健康权的基本内涵。《经济、社会和文化权利国际公约》第12条第1款规定的健康权既是自由权,也是社会权,既指获得卫生保健的权利,也包括获得构成健康基础条件的权利;第12条第2款规定只是列举了公约起草者认为特别重要的四项义务,而非缔约国的全部义务。缔约国义务的性质和范围必须结合公约第2条规定的一般义务条款加以判定。健康权的实施机制包括缔约国报告机制、书面申诉机制,以及调查报告机制三种,不同机制对缔约国的约束力不同,综合运用多种机制确保健康权的有效实施是今后的发展趋势。     

Ancestral analysis of a Native American Ecuadorian family with congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis

Congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis (CIPA) is an extremely rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by self-mutilating behavior, unexplained fever, inability to sweat and intellectual disability. CIPA pathogenesis is associated with genetic loss-of-function mutations of the NTRK1 gene, which is auto phosphorylated activating intracellular signaling transduction such as cell survival, growth and differentiation. CIPA occurs with an incidence of 1 in 125 million newborns, and only some hundreds of cases have been reported worldwide. Most of cases have been reported in Asian countries. Here, we estimate the ancestral proportions of a family with consanguinity background affected with CIPA, who carries the missense pathogenic mutations rs80356677 (Asp674Tyr) in the kinase domain of NTRK1 and rs324420 (Pro129Thr) in the FAAH gene. The ancestral proportion was calculated through 45 ancestry informative markers (AIMs) and the comparison was done through the Human Genome Diversity Project panel. The resulting allele frequencies in CIPA family indicate a prevalence of the Native American ancestral component with 87.9%, and minor proportion for the European (8.9%) and African (3%) components. In conclusion, the genetic variations expressing CIPA in a Native American Ecuadorian family could have been caused by the insertion of certain genetic characteristics, which have been passed down from common ancestors as consequence of migration towards South America.     

基于高职院校电子商务专业学生网店创业的探析及对策研究

随着新经济时代的到来,“互联网+”在全球范围内蓬勃发展,大学生依靠互联网创业也越来越受国家,地方以及学校的关注。在这个经济环境下,高职院校电子商务专业的学生更应该抓住网络创业的机遇,立足创新创业的时代背景,积极进行创新创业。因此,分析高职电子商务专业学生在创业的过程中可能出现的问题和影响因素,构建符合电子商务专业学生创业的模式,对于促进高职院校大学生创业具有十分重要的现实意义和理论价值。     

Wrong about Rights: Public Knowledge of Key Areas of Consumer,Housing and Employment Law in England and Wales

Over many decades, processes of juridification have brought about huge growth in legal rights, responsibilities and protections, yet citizens appear to poorly understand this ‘law thick’ world. This impacts citizens’ capacity to ‘name, blame and claim’ in the legal domain at a time of retreat from public funding of civil legal services. This article examines public knowledge of rights in key areas relating to consumer, housing and employment law. Drawing on data from the 2010–2012 English and Welsh Civil and Social Justice Survey, the article uses responses to a series of hypothetical scenarios to explore public knowledge of rights and characteristics associated with knowledge. Our findings highlight a substantial deficit in individuals’ understanding of legal rights and responsibilities – even among those for whom particular rights and responsibilities have specific bearing. We also consider what these findings mean for public legal education and the efficiency, efficacy and legitimacy of the law.     

Health characteristics of older police custody detainees in London,UK

The number of older adults involved in the criminal justice system is rising. Little is known about the state of health in older people who are arrested. This study compared characteristics and health care needs of older police custody detainees with their younger counterparts. The health characteristics of 57 police detainees aged over 50 were compared with 543 younger detainees. Older detainees had significantly higher rates of physical illness and risk of alcohol withdrawal. Although there were equivalent rates of mental disorder and drug taking compared with younger detainees, a higher proportion had presentations consistent with cognitive impairment due to possible dementing processes. Over 80% of older detainees were recommended to have a health assessment in police stations based on their presentation. Police detainees over 50 should be considered to have a health assessment as routine procedure. Further investigation should also be conducted into cognitive impairment in this group.     

裁判请求权保障与法院审判人员的优化配置

在实行法官员额制改革过程中,必须一并考虑法院审判人员的分类管理和优化配置问题。在民事诉讼中,为保障公民的裁判请求权,对于民事纠纷案件的审理,必须配置入额法官;对于非讼案件的审理、诉前或审前的法院调解以及立案登记等程序事项的处理应交由司法实务官进行,从而让法官专注于民事纠纷案件的审判,以更好地落实公民的裁判请求权保障之宪法理念。司法事务官不同于助理审判员,其不能审理所有的民事案件;司法事务官也不同于法官助理,司法事务官不是法官的助手,其可以依法独立行使职权。司法事务官不是宪法意义上的处理民事纠纷的法官,司法事务官不必进入法官员额。     

论受教育权的可诉性及其程度

受教育权的可诉性及其程度受到两个层次的理论和实践的深刻影响,一是国际法关于自由权和社会权的划分,二是国内法关于宪法权利和法律权利的区分。受教育权作为宪法权利,在自由权层面及形式平等方面具有直接的法律效力,具有可诉性;但在社会权层面,只有义务教育阶段的入学升学权和免费就学权具有可诉性。受教育权作为法律权利,其可诉性程度大大提高。平等主体之间的受教育权纠纷可由双方提起民事诉讼予以解决;但行政相对人向行政主体提起的行政诉讼则同样受到被侵害的受教育权性质的影响。     

论患者知情权的法律保障

我国现有关于患者知情权保障的法律制度在维护患者合法权益、促进建立和谐的医患关系方面发挥着积极作用,但在权利主体、权利内容、权利保障等方面仍存在一些不足之处。应加强立法工作,充分借鉴国内外先进经验,注重科技发展对立法的影响,逐步完善患者知情权相关法律制度。