The future of crime data

Criminology lacks sufficient data for many types of crime that are of great concern to society. This lack of data poses significant problems for determining whether resources are adequate for responding to these crimes or whether programmatic, legislative, or target-hardening efforts to prevent or reduce their occurrence are effective. Inadequate data about crime also produces a selective and incomplete narrative about crime that makes it easier for political and vested interests to exploit public concerns about crime for their own ends. In this address, I discuss what is needed to resolve these gaps and the ways in which criminologists can support a significant expansion of the crime data infrastructure. Such work is necessary to help ensure the future relevance of criminological research.     

疫情防控中妨害公务罪的法教义学解析

为了个人自由而抗拒防疫管控,是对国家公务活动正常秩序的公然侵犯,具有法益侵害性。对于妨害公务罪之"暴力、威胁",应结合其侵害法益、实务经验予以合理界定。参与疫情管控的基层工作人员能否作为妨害公务罪之对象,需根据司法解释的规定,紧扣从事疫情防控职权之公务性质深入分析。以暴力、威胁方法抗拒不当防疫措施的,因防疫执法之合法性丧失,不构成妨害公务罪。行为人对防疫执法行为合法性的认识错误,属于对构成要件的事实认识错误,阻却犯罪故意的成立。     

中小城镇发展问题的反思与转变

分析我国城市发展“小城镇，大问题”、“小城镇，大发展”、“小城镇，大战略”转变历程，反思中小城镇发展问题的战略路径，在新型城镇化背景下，重新回归到研究增强中小城镇发展问题上。依据城镇规模等级体系理论，研究得出了中小城镇建设在城镇体系结构和城镇化建设中的战略地位作用，提出了加快中小城镇建设发展的思路，地方政府要优化公共服务，统筹城发乡展，更好引导发挥企业和居民“以足投票”的作用，为完善城市体系结构和城市可持续发展提供新动力。     

A Call for Help?: How Public School Principals’ Subjective Report of Institutional Weakness Relates to Disciplinary Incidents

ABSTRACT

Disciplinary incidents at U.S. public middle- and high-schools are a public policy concern. Although businesses popularly give credence to leaders’ subjective intelligence, principals’ reports of their schools’ strengths and weaknesses are questioned. To determine whether principals’ reports carry legitimacy as indicators of student offenses, the current study utilized a nationally representative survey of principals who reported on their sense of the institution and the number of disciplinary incidents in the past year (N = 1,872; replication cohort, N = 1,833). Findings showed that the more institutional shortcomings a principal endorsed, the higher total number of incidents occurred, even after controlling for institutional strength and several indicators of school crime. These findings have policy and intervention implications for improving student outcomes, and so would be of interest to funding agencies, school administrators, teachers, and parents.     

Child sexual abuse material in child-centred institutions: situational crime prevention approaches

ABSTRACT

This paper focuses on the potential for child-centred institutions to use situational crime prevention (SCP) strategies to prevent or reduce child sexual abuse material (CSAM) offending as a distinct form of child sexual abuse (CSA). We discuss the failure of the Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse in Australia to address the potential for CSAM offending to occur in child-centred institutions. Our premise is that CSAM offending is markedly shaped by the situation in which it occurs, rather than by any pre-existing preparedness to offend sexually against children. In this context, SCP for CSAM offending must be considered as part of overall strategies to combat CSA in institutional settings. However, we acknowledge that effective implementation of SCP in this area is not straightforward. We consider some of the challenges in implementing SCP at an institutional level.     

关于“预交罚金”对量刑影响的实证研究

以2014年全国范围内敲诈勒索罪判决书为样本的实证研究发现,预交罚金会对被告人的量刑产生从宽处罚的效果。这种从宽体现在具有预交罚金情节的被告人更可能被判处较轻的刑种、较短的刑期以及适用缓刑。预交罚金不仅违背无罪推定原则和基本的形式逻辑,更会对被告人造成明显的不公,建议最高司法机关明确禁止在判决宣告前预交罚金。     

从“分体”到“分层”：中国特色贿赂犯罪罪名体系的历史嬗变与时代跨越

贿赂犯罪罪名体系与治理结构的构建，是“中国式”腐败治理理念、智慧、资源与立法技术的结晶。中国特色罪名体系的发展，始终围绕扩张犯罪主体类型而展开，形成了“分体式”发展模式，却忽视了对行为类型的重新识别、拓展以及规制对象的有效性等问题。在“分体式”罪名体系中，贿赂犯罪的治理结构以对价关系为基础设定罪名结构；以结果本位为基础设定评价基准；以差异化治理策略为基础设定配刑原则。国家治理现代化的全面推进，对罪名体系建设原理的代际更新提出了全新要求：在体系建构基础上，应当实现由单一“分体式”立法向“分体+分层”立法的转型，引入行为类型的立法导向；在要件设定基础上，实现从以对价关系为中心向以公权伦理为基础转向的完善；在犯罪治理结构上，实现从“差异式”治理走向“全链条式”“同一性”治理的更新。     

罪量在阶层犯罪论体系中的地位

我国刑法典中充斥着大量表征行为及结果程度的词语，学者称之为“罪量”。任何犯罪构成理论都必须以法条为依托，理论上的犯罪构成体系需要为法典中每一元素在体系中的地位做出符合逻辑的安排与说明。引进德日阶层犯罪构成理论之后，为了让该理论更加契合于我国的刑法典，罪量在该体系中应重新定位于违法性阶层之中。其中一些罪量是犯罪成立的消极判断，可视为“违法阻却事由”，另一些则可借鉴“可罚的违法性”理论加以认识。     

农村协商民主制度化发展的现实形态和优化路径

在党中央和国务院顶层设计的引领下,我国各地农村协商民主实践蓬勃发展起来,协商民主运行机制初步形成,协商民主制度框架初步建立。根据创新程度不同可以将我国各地农村协商民主实践模式分为制度原创型、制度改良型和制度嵌入型三种形态。虽然我国农村协商民主已经迈入制度化发展轨道,但大都处于起步阶段,制度化发展程度较低,"政绩式协商""低水平协商""随意性协商"等现象严重制约着农村协商民主实践的可持续发展。加强顶层设计,鼓励基层试点,提升农村干部和群众对协商民主的制度认同,持续推进协商民主制度创新,是进一步推动农村协商民主制度化发展的当务之急。