No more bullets for ETA: the loss of internal support as a key factor in the end of the Basque group’s campaign

The Basque separatist organisation ETA laid down its arms in 2011 after 40 years of an armed campaign for independence. It was not a consequence of political negotiations. The Basque group did not achieve its goals. Yet, it unilaterally decided to end its armed activity forever. This article analyses why and how ETA ended its armed campaign. It clarifies the events from the collapse of the last peace process in June 2007 to the announcement of the definitive end of ETA’s campaign in October 2011. It identifies the causal factors that led the Basque group towards its end. This article contends that the end of ETA’s campaign is a case of transformation triggered by its constituency’s withdrawal of support for the armed struggle. The leadership and social base of the political movement to which ETA belongs concluded that political violence was not effective anymore and, furthermore, was damaging for the Basque pro-independence movement. After an internal struggle, in which the faction advocating for exclusively political means prevailed, ETA was driven towards a unilateral abandonment of armed struggle.     

I'm Stuck as Far as Relationships Go

Abstract

This is a study of how heterosexual girls construct the meaning of their health issues within their dating relationships. We found that a number of barriers contributed to girls' difficulty with articulating their needs and desires in their romantic relationships. Adolescent girls who participated in our study blamed themselves for their boyfriends' abuse and lack of commitment and experienced their ability to speak in their own interests as compromised. Many of the girls experienced what researchers term an “impossible choice” between compromising self to maintain a relationship or compromising the relationship to maintain self. The dating relationship was predominantly determined by patriarchal and dualistic thinking that undercut healthy decision making. Assisting girls within supportive environments to reflect upon gendered power differentials in their relationships can facilitate their expression of authentic voice which in turn can enhance their own health behaviors.     

Pathways for Preparation: Locating Suicide Education in Preparing Professionals for Encounters with Suicidal Adolescents

Current suicide prevention strategies often include suicide education based on the premise that education can lead to recognition of those at risk of suicide and others who are prepared can respond and potentially save lives. As suicide is a leading cause of death for young people, it is relevant to explore how suicide education is made available to those who serve this population. In a comprehensive review of the existing literature, the presence of suicide content along the path through pre-service programs is examined. While education may be a central part of youth suicide prevention efforts, this review of the literature suggests the following needs: (a) a need for more overt inclusion of suicide content, (b) future examination of suicide content within pre-service programs not yet considered, and (c) appraisal and innovation in suicide pedagogical approaches to determine how preparedness may be enhanced and linked to subsequent practical action.     

构建和谐社会与环境犯罪之预防

构建社会主义和谐社会是我国社会主义建设理论的又一重大突破,也是我们急需研究的重要课题。社会主义和谐社会的建成,是我国实现富强、民主、文明的社会主义强国的目标,也是社会主义发展的主要标志。自然生态环境是人类生息劳作的地球家园,是构建和谐社会的重要因素,分析环境犯罪的概念状况和新特点,提出预防环境犯罪的对策,对构建和谐社会具有理论和现实意义。     

氧化还原机制在中医体质研究中的应用

[摘要]氧化还原平衡体现了阴阳平衡思想,氧化还原机制与体质学基本原理及体质三级预防理念有着相似之处,氧化还原机制的多样性研究为体质分类研究提供了切入点。对不同体质的人群进行氧化还原状态检测,一方面可诠释体质理论的科学内涵,另一方面可为“治未病”提供可供参考的指标体系。     

计算机病毒的发展趋势与防治

计算机技术发展越来越快,使得计算机病毒技术与计算机反病毒技术的对抗也越来越尖锐。为了能够更好地开发反病毒技术、防止病毒疫情的蔓延、保障信息产业的健康发展,是当前的重中之重。     

青少年犯罪现状原因及预防对策

近年来,青少年犯罪呈上升趋势,笔者根据司法实践遇到的大量青少年犯罪的案例,分析青少年犯罪的现状、原因以及预防对策。     

转基因食品标签的消费者知情权比较研究

各国对转基因食品实施了不同的标签制度:强制标签与自愿标签。这两种标签制度分别建立在消费者需要知情和消费者有权知情的法理基础之上。需要知情是以产品为基础,确保消费者对客观真实的风险知情;而有权知情往往以生产过程和生产方法为基础,以风险预防为原则管理风险以减少消费者的感知风险。一个国家采取何种转基因食品标签制度,受到该国经济、文化和政治方面的影响。我国转基因食品标签立法在即,需要借鉴其他国家的立法经验,因地制宜地实施强制标签制度,以保障消费者知情权的实现。     

警察训练的安全保障体系研究

警察训练安全保障体系由训练的事故预防、事故处理、事故保险和保险管理四个部分构成,它的发展建设因受经济、观念等条件的局限和制约,目前只在少数几个西方经济发达的警务管理先进国家践行。其将警察的安全关口前移,推动了借助各种社会力量(社会保险业等)为警察提供更多的职业安全保障。因此,积极创新理念、大胆更新观念、借鉴国外成功经验、努力构建安全保障体系,为今后实践奠定坚实的理论基础,应是明智之选。     

狱内罪犯自杀防控

监管设施条件改善之后,狱内罪犯自杀就成了监狱工作的重大隐患及工作难点,并将长期存在,无法回避,仅2014年2月、3月和4月,就有某省先后有三个监狱在三个月内连续发生三名罪犯自杀死亡事件。研究探讨罪犯自杀的可能原因、罪犯自杀的一般特点和警讯征兆、防范自杀的困难困惑、防控自杀的主要策略,对基层民警防控罪犯自杀有重要的实战价值。