区块链经济学的形成与展望

数字经济是中国经济的重要发展方向之一，而区块链是数字经济的基础技术之一。自2008年以来，区块链的技术取得了长足发展，并且在加密货币、金融、供应链管理、企业管理和公共管理等众多领域产生了广泛的应用前景。文章介绍了最近几年来关于区块链的经济学和金融学研究。首先，文章介绍了区块链的发展背景。其次，文章介绍了区块链的运行机制以及背后的经济学原理。再次，文章从博弈论、市场均衡、网络经济学、交易成本经济学、信息经济学和产业组织理论等多个角度，系统地梳理了关于区块链的经济学和金融学研究成果。最后，文章基于我国区块链产业的发展需求，提出区块链经济学的下一步发展，应该重点关注联盟链落地机制、参与方信息结构、主权货币实施方案以及区块链在医疗、公益、食品安全等行业的具体应用机制设计等问题。     

Is the genie out of the bottle? Digital platforms and the future of clinical trials

Is it possible to conduct impartial clinical trials in a world full of digital networking tools that patients can use to coordinate themselves and act against research protocols? This paper builds on an ethnography of PatientsLikeMe, a company running an internet social media network where patients with different conditions share their clinical data with standardized questionnaires. The company faced a serious dilemma in 2011 when some ALS patients, members of the site, started sharing data about a phase II clinical trial of an experimental drug (NP001) in which some of them were participating, to anticipate the experiment’s outcomes and understand each one’s allocation over trial arms. In parallel, some other patients were using the site and other web tools to coordinate and run their own replication of the trial with homebrew mixes of industrial grade chemicals. PatientsLikeMe researchers reflected on their position as networks managers and eventually decided to use the collected data to develop their own analysis of the efficacy of the original compound, and of the homebrewers’ compound. They presented the NP001 events as a case in point for articulating a new social contract for clinical research. This paper analyses these events, first, by understanding the clinical trial as an experiment organization form that can succeed only as long as its protocol can be enforced; second, we observe how web networks make it dramatically easier for the trial protocol to be violated; finally, we point out how a potentially dangerous confluence of interests over web networks could incubate developments that disrupt the status quo without creating a robust and safe alternative for experimentation. We conclude by warning about the interests of the pharmaceutical industry in exploiting patients’ methodological requests to its own advantage.     

新就业形态的不确定性：平台资本空间中的数字劳动及其反思

在数字技术迅猛发展的影响下，以信息通信技术为支撑的灵活就业形态应运而生，平台资本空间中的数字劳动就是新就业形态的具体表征之一。它的一些共性特征表现为：灵活的时空安排与严苛的多重控制、情感的货币化与制式化的情感、低门槛与去劳动技能化、泛雇佣关系化与去劳动关系化。平台数字劳动在缓解劳动力市场矛盾和传播公共价值方面产生了影响，并且正在推动劳动法规与劳动保障制度的升级。尽管有许多积极因素，但新就业形态的涌现也裹挟着诸多不确定性，主要体现为劳动者职业身份与发展的不确定性、数字治理和劳动保护的不确定性、数字劳动研究范式与方法论的不确定性。这些都值得我们警惕。     

Value-Added Tax (VAT) Development and Reform History—A Study of VAT Evolution Around the World and in China

Value-added Tax (VAT), a turnover tax levied on the value appreciated in commodities production, circulation and sale, has been widely practiced by economies worldwide for its neutrality. From the international perspective, European Union VAT and New Zealand VAT stand out as characteristic models of VAT development and reform history. With changing economic development models and the growth of e-commerce businesses, VAT systems have been upgraded to meet taxation challenges brought about by the digital economy. Recently, VAT policies and measures have been introduced particularly to combat the COVID-19 impact. In China, the VAT system has been reformed constantly over the past 40 years and has been converging with international practice. China now needs to address emerging VAT issues through legislation, tax incentives, and tax-rate grades so as to meet challenges in VAT collection and management and to suit the “new normal” of economic development.     

数码相片的证据作用探析

数码相机在公安司法工作中的应用非常广泛,用数码相机所获取的数码相片,因其的易修改性,使人们对其证据作用产生了怀疑,笔者认为,依据我国法律,数码照片可以作为证据使用,但必须经严格的审查判断。     

传染性腔上囊病病毒VP3蛋白模拟表位的筛选

为了研究传染性腔上囊病病毒(IBDV)的致病机理及研制有效的IBDV疫苗,利用噬菌体展示技术对IBDV VP3抗原表位进行了筛选。以4株IBDV VP3单克隆抗体HRB-3F、HRB-7B、HRB-7C和HRB-10E作为筛选分子,对噬菌体随机15肽库进行3轮吸附-洗脱-扩增淘洗,从每株单克隆抗体筛选到的噬菌斑中随机挑取20个单克隆噬菌斑,通过间接ELISA和竞争抑制ELISA检测,共选出13个单克隆噬菌斑,经噬菌体gⅢ部分基因的核苷酸序列测定,确定了8个15肽为IBDV抗原表位。这8个15肽在一级结构上没有3个以上连续氨基酸与IBDV Gx(Gen-Bank登录号:AY444873)VP3的氨基酸序列相同,但二级结构上均以β折叠为主,并且与单抗的结合可被VP3蛋白有效地抑制。证实,筛选的是IBDV VP3的模拟表位。     

空肠弯杆菌肠毒素细胞检测法的建立

中国仓鼠卵巢细胞（ＣＨＯ），非洲绿猴肾细胞（Ｖｅｒｏ），人宫颈癌细胞（Ｈｅｌａ）和乳仓鼠肾细胞（ＢＨＫ－２１）４种细胞对空肠弯杆菌（Ｃａｍｐｙｌｏｂａｃｔｅｒｊｅｊｕｎｉ）细胞紧张性肠毒素（ＣｙｔｏｔｏｎｉｃＥｎｔｅｒｏｔｏｘｉｎ，ＣＥ）的敏感性试验表明，ＣＨＯ细胞对ＣＥ敏感；ＣＨＯ细胞与大鼠肠袢试验比较检测ＣＥ，以ＣＨＯ细胞对ＣＥ最敏感；试验发现布氏肉汤对细胞有毒性作用，确定了以Ｍ１９９＋１０ｇ／Ｌ胰蛋白胨培养基进行空肠弯杆菌产生ＣＥ的培养方法，依次建立了ＣＥ的ＣＨＯ细胞检测法。     

略论高校图书馆管理创新

我国高校图书馆管理体制等方面存在诸多的不足与弊端。只有创新,才能提高管理水平,取得较好的社会和经济效益。     

数字网络传播技术下影视作品的合理使用

技术是法律制度的催化剂,数字网络传播技术以更快的速度和更广的范围内传播影视作品,不仅提高了影视作品及权利人知名度,而且对推进社会文明也有不可磨灭的贡献;但是网络强大的复制功能和无地域性使著作权人对其影视作品失去了控制。合理使用制度作为著作权人的个人利益和社会利益的平衡器受到挑战。本文通过分析数字网络技术对影视作品合理使用的冲击,论证合理使用制度在数字网络时代存在的基础及重构。     

字符编码在电子数据司法鉴定中的应用

本文分析了字符的常用编码方法以及如何对各种不同编码方式进行转码和解码，提出了基于字符编码的关键字查询方法，并结合电子数据司法鉴定工作中遇到的实际案例，描述如何通过该方法实现关键字的快速查询。