Rapid screening for the detection and differentiation of γ-hydroxybutyrate using ion chromatography

The analysis of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) is problematic because it is hygroscopic, it lacks a good UV chromophore, and it undergoes heat-induced cyclization. This paper presents a new method utilizing ion-exchange chromatography (IC) with conductivity detection. The simple sample preparation, rapid analysis time, and inorganic anion detection capabilities are all advantages over the current methods. The detection of inorganic salts (formed during GHB synthesis) gives insight into the synthetic route utilized and can aid in drug seizure comparison. The developed method has a detection limit for GHB anions of 0.57 mg/L and chloride of 0.22 mg/L. A comparison of this technique with a current gas chromatography-mass spectrometry technique is presented, and a t-test found that the two methods' results are not statistically different at the 99.9% confidence level demonstrating the merits of this fast, simple, and informative IC method as a routine screening tool.     

甲卡西酮概述及其分析方法

甲卡西酮吸食后具有精神刺激剂作用,有时候作为娱乐药物,具有成瘾性,长期高剂量使用可能导致急性神经紊乱。甲卡西酮R位的碳氧双键具有极性,因此像安非他明一样可以通过血脑屏障。它是潜在的中枢神经系统刺激剂和多巴胺再吸收抑制剂。甲卡西酮在美国是I类精神管制药物,任何情况下都是非法使用。本文还综述了甲卡西酮的检验分析方法,包括物理分析方法和仪器分析方法。仪器分析方法主要是气相色谱／质谱法（GC／MS）、高效液相色谱法（HPLC）,此外还有紫外光谱法（uV）,红外光谱法（IR）,核磁共振光谱法（NMR）以及毛细管电泳（CE）等方法。     

Correction to Tzidony and Ravreby (1992): A Statistical Approach to Drug Sampling: A Case Study

Abstract:  In 1992, Tzidony and Ravreby presented a confidence interval for the total weight of a seizure of illicit drugs present in a population. Their approach has subsequently been applied by several researchers in the field. The formula on which their approach is based does, however, not fully take into account the proportion of drug units found in the sample. In this paper, a modification is presented that consistently uses the correct sample size in all terms of the confidence interval, based on the proportion of drug units found in the sample. The effective sample size is smaller than the original sample size, and this should consequently be accounted for in the estimation of the standard error and in the corresponding t -distribution. The new confidence interval is again based on the assumption that the proportion of drug units in the population is known after sampling.     

DETECHIP®: A Sensor for Drugs of Abuse*

Abstract: The design and preliminary characterization of a novel sensor for drugs of abuse, DETECHIP^®, is described in this proof‐of‐concept note. Combining both colorimetric and fluorimetric assays, DETECHIP^® is suitable for lab and field use. More than a conventional spot test which provides a single “yes or no” answer, DETECHIP^® provides twenty responses for a more complete characterization of suspect material. This is accomplished by visually noting colorimetric and fluorescent changes of carefully selected dyes upon the addition of test analytes, including drugs of abuse, with respect to controls. Color and fluorescence changes are recorded numerically so that a 20 digit identification code can be constructed for comparison of test analytes and known compounds. DETECHIP^® is applicable to a variety of drugs, both plant‐derived and synthetic, addressing the need to use several different spot tests simultaneously for a single sample.     

超药品说明书用药的相关法律责任问题研究

目的：为规范药品生产企业的药品说明书,促进医务人员安全合理用药提供有益借鉴。方法：从法学角度剖析医务人员和药品生产企业是否应该承担超药品说明书用药导致纠纷的民事责任,并引用法条加以阐释。结论：在医务人员正确履行规定义务的情况下,医务人员不需要承担超药品说明书用药引发纠纷的责任,药品生产企业则应当为此而承担相应的民事责任。     

吸毒人员人格探析

毒品对人类的危害日益严重,深入研究吸毒人员的人格特征,对于有针对性地戒除吸毒人员的毒瘾、减少吸毒人数,从而从根本上减少毒品犯罪、维护社会稳定具有重要意义。吸毒人员尝试毒品的相关因素主要有心理原因和社会原因两方面;吸毒人员的人格特征包括认识、情绪情感、意志、个性倾向性、气质等几个方面的特征;吸毒人员人格矫治对策包括药物治疗、封闭治疗和心理治疗。     

国有医院医生收受药品回扣的定性分析

国有医院医生收受药品回扣行为既具有应受刑罚处罚的社会危害性又具有刑事违法性。《关于办理商业贿赂刑事案件适用法律若干问题的意见》将国有医院医生收受药品回扣行为规定为非国家工作人员受贿罪,是合法的正当的也是非常及时的,严密了刑事法网,为打击医药行业的商业贿赂特别是针对国有医院医生收受回扣行为提供了法律依据。     

A Two‐Year Study of Δ 9 Tetrahydrocannabinol Concentrations in Drivers; Part 2: Physiological Signs on Drug Recognition Expert (DRE) and non‐DRE Examinations,,

Whole blood samples were examined for ?⁹‐Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) over 2 years in drivers suspected of driving under the influence. Part one of the study examined the link between [THC] and performance on field sobriety tests. This portion examined objective signs, eye examinations and physiological indicators; and their relationship to the presence of THC. Several objective signs were excellent indicators of the presence of THC: red eyes (94%), droopy eyelids (85.6%), affected speech (87.6%), tongue coating (96.2%), and odor of marijuana (82.4%). About 63.6% of THC positive subjects had dialted pupils (room light). THC positive subjects had either rebound dilation or hippus in 88.8% of cases. Pulse and blood pressure (BP) were evaluated to determine any correlation with [THC]. An increased pulse rate correlated well to the presence of THC (88.5%), but not [THC]. BP did not correlate to [THC] and was also a poor indicator of THC in the blood (50% high).     

GPC-GC/MS法分析血中20种安眠镇静药物

目的研究建立液液提取-在线GPC-GC/MS同时分析血中巴比妥类、吩噻嗪类、苯并二氮杂卓类、三环类和其他安眠精神类药物的方法。方法血样加入内标SKF525A,加β-葡萄糖酸苷酶水解后用乙腈沉淀蛋白浸取药物,加无水硫酸镁脱水,提取液浓缩至干后用GPC流动相定容,在线GPC净化,大体积进样,GC-MS分析。结果选择总离子监测模式,血中20种安眠镇静药物提取率在80.2%～99.3%之间,检出限小于21.6ng/mL;在0.1～10μg/mL浓度范围内工作曲线的线性关系良好。结论方法可用于安眠镇静类药物误服中毒者和刑事案件中毒者血样的分析。     

Drug-Related and Economic Crime Among Unauthorized Latino Immigrant and Other Arrestees in California

Abstract

This paper employs 1994-1996 California Drug Use Forecasting (CALDUF) and 1994 Los Angeles County Mexican Immigrant Residency Status Survey (LAC-MIRSS) data to estimate the level and determinants of drug-related and economic crime among unauthorized Latino immigrant and other arrestees in California. Controlling for various potential individual, contextual and geographic determinants, logistic regression results suggest the use of illicit drugs, having entered the United States more recently and residing in a home without paying any rent or mortgage positively-and residing in a home where another is dependent on an illegal substance negatively-influenced being apprehended for a drug-related crime. Although being an unauthorized Latino resident also had no effect on having been arrested for an economic crime, U.S.-born blacks and Latinos as well as non-Latino immigrants were each more likely than non-Latino U.S.-born whites to be arrested, as were younger females. Working full time and depending on another for a place to live diminished the probability. In sum, although illicit drug use augmented the probability of having been arrested for a drug-related crime, neither this nor unauthorized residency status among Latinos increased the likelihood of being arrested for an economic crime. A concluding section discusses several policy implications.