关于提高女性劳动者退休年龄的探讨

关于提高中国退休年龄问题,近来引发了社会各界的广泛关注。文章深入分析了广泛关注的几个因素:平均余命变化,世界的退休年龄变化趋势以及对于劳动力市场的影响,并进一步分析了当前制度规定下女性退休年龄偏低产生的低收益及退而不休现象及其影响。在此基础上,文章建议:中国应当提高女性退休年龄;结合劳动力人口变化趋势,采用小步渐进的方式进行调整。好处在于:在一定程度上解决女性退休后低收益问题,因而可以缓解退而不休现象;在一定程度上优化劳动力市场供给。     

国民政府对女性的塑造和训练——以抗战前新生活运动为中心的考察(1934-1937)

新生活运动中,南京国民政府制定了一系列针对女性的法令和措施,触及到女性的着装、婚姻家庭、职业、社交等基本生活层面,国民政府试图通过行政力量"塑造"和规范女性。另外,国民政府建立了一些妇女团体,组织动员更多的女性参与到新生活运动中。本文通过对新生活运动的探讨,发现国民政府对妇女的政策具有双重角色定位的特点:既维护女性的传统角色,注重女性的家庭责任,又鼓励妇女提高自身的智识,动员妇女参与社会事业,担当"国民"之责任。     

Surviving (thriving) in academia: feminist support networks and women ECRs

In this paper, we reflect upon our experiences and those of our peers as doctoral students and early career researchers in an Australian Political Science department. We seek to explain and understand the diverse ways that participating in an unofficial Feminist Reading Group in our department affected our experiences. We contend that informal peer support networks like reading groups do more than is conventionally assumed, and may provide important avenues for sustaining feminist research in times of austerity, as well as supporting and enabling women and emerging feminist scholars in academia. Participating in the group created a community of belonging and resistance, providing women with personal validation, information and material support, as well as intellectual and political resources to understand and resist our position within the often hostile spaces of the University. While these experiences are specific to our context, time and location, they signal that peer networks may offer critical political resources for responding to the ways that women's bodies and concerns are marginalised in increasingly competitive and corporatised university environments.     

Attitudes of Omani early childhood preservice teachers toward bilingual early childhood education: Benefits,challenges, and solutions

Compared to earlier times, many Omani parents have become more enthusiastic about bilingual education for their young children. To fully understand and improve early bilingual education, it is critical to start with an inquiry into prospective practitioners' attitudes toward bilingualism in early education as they are the ones who will work in bilingual education programs. Therefore, this research investigated the attitudes of early childhood pre-service teachers in Oman, toward bilingual education during children's early years. The data were gathered using qualitative survey methods with a focus group and analyzed using thematic analysis. Hence, essential themes and sub-themes were extracted from the data and an exhaustive analysis of pre-service teachers' attitudes toward bilingual education in the early years was conducted. The findings revealed that participants tend to favor such programs. Although they believe there are a few challenges in the field, they reported possible solutions that are presented in this study. Implications are discussed and recommendations are made.     

Pushing the Boundaries of Education: Evaluating the Impact of Second Step®: A Violence Prevention Curriculum with Psychosocial and Non-Cognitive Measures

The Second Step® violence prevention curriculum was implemented in a large urban school district as part of a comprehensive three-year initiative to impact students at-risk for violence and substance abuse. An outcome evaluation was conducted to assess the intervention's effectiveness on students’ attitudes and on behaviors important for accountability. Results indicated improvements in students’ prosocial attitudes and behaviors that were consistent across two large cohorts of students. Implications for theory and future research are discussed.     

‘Good,fresh air and an expert medical service’: old age pensioners in Leiden’s St. Hiëronymusdal retirement home,sixteenth century

The cost of retirement has a strong impact on social processes, both today and in the past. This study concerns the cost of retirement to St. Hiëronymusdal, a retirement home that was established outside the town of Leiden in the first half of the sixteenth century. Here individuals could purchase lifelong accommodation and care. If they had enough money to spend, they could opt for relatively luxurious contracts providing them with a private room; if they were short of means, they could opt for a basic contract providing them with a bed in a hall. We demonstrate that this allowed people from lower and middling groups to prepare for old age. Inexpensive retirement also gave individuals the option to spend their old age living independently from relatives, in a retirement home. These elderly people could do this on their own account by paying for care rather than depending on charity – which usually involved a loss of social prestige. We suggest that inexpensive retirement allowed family ties to become looser and thus facilitated such developments as migration and urbanization, and the rise of the European marriage pattern. Rising prices and declining interest rates caused retirement to become more expensive in later centuries though, posing challenges for the early modern elderly.     

建国初期有组织犯罪形态及特征

本文以史料为基石 ,对在建国初期即 1 949— 1 953年残存的旧社会滋生的帮会型、邪教型、土匪型、恶霸型四种主要类型的有组织犯罪进行了阐释 ,分析了这一特定历史时期的有组织犯罪在组织结构、犯罪行为、犯罪方式等方面所呈现出的四个特征。     

“内圣外王”与先期儒学发展的张力

孔子"仁"与"礼"的思想体系体现了他的圣王理想的追求,他认为领袖群伦应兼具"圣"与"王"的双重资格.儒学与君主专制的互限互依,它既是儒学发展的张力,又是儒学获得永久活力的限制,使儒学在发展历程中始终无法摆脱君主专制的阴影.     

民国时期华侨议员选举制度及实践浅析

本文研究的核心问题是民国时期的华侨议员选举制度及具体实践,对华侨议员的产生方式及制度规定,具体选举组织和选务工作实践加以介绍。通过对华侨议员群体的居住地区、知识结构、政治立场的分析可以了解这一群体的基本特征,这是了解其政治意识和参政能力的前提。本文最后对整个民国时期华侨议员参政议政的实践、效果及不足之处加以分析和总结。     

论清末民初国家对社会和国民监控的强化——以东北为例

清末民初国家的权力以非常理性的方式强化了对国民和社会的监控,通过大规模的统计调查实现了对信息的控制,从而将个体的国民变成国家可以加以掌控、指导、征发、分配的对象,通过建立新式监狱对社会正常秩序的越轨者进行了规训,通过兴办新式学堂对未来的合格公民进行了规训,通过建立新式警察实现了对城市空间中的安全、消防、卫生、文化活动的治理,将公共空间中发生的一切纳入自己的掌控之中,最后国家还对过去通常自由生长的城市进行雄心勃勃的管控和规划,直接指导城市的发展。在这个从传统帝国向近代民族国家转型的重要阶段,国家的权力不是削弱了,而是以前所未有的深度和广度渗透到了社会的每一个角落,直接与每一个公民对话。