专利出资评估途径的多层次选择机制研究——以现行强制评估制度的局限性为视角

专利出资评估是实现企业专利资本运营的重要环节.在评估过程中,选择怎样的评估途径,事关评估目的能否最终实现.然而,受现行专利出资强制评估模式的影响,专利出资评估的价值功效未能充分显现,直接影响到专利出资评估的推广.为此,有必要重新认识专利出资评估本质,客观评价强制评估制度价值与不足.通过借鉴域外经验,从评估途径的多层次选择与评估结果的分别认定方面着手,建立一套专利出资评估途径的多层次选择机制,以适应我国企业专利技术资本化利用需要.     

Performance evaluation of automated fingerprint identification systems for specific conditions observed in casework using simulated fingermarks

Few studies have been reported on the performance evaluation of automated fingerprint identification systems (AFIS) for fingermark-to-fingerprint comparisons. This paper aims to illustrate to fingerprint examiners the relevance of evaluating the AFIS performance under specific conditions by carrying out five types of performance tests. The conditions addressed are the number of minutiae assigned to a fingermark, manual and automatic assignment of the minutiae, the finger region from which the fingermark originates, the degree of distortion in the fingermark, and the difference in orientation between fingermarks and fingerprints. In these tests, the magnitude of the influence for each condition was quantified. The comparisons were performed using a research AFIS technology with simulated fingermarks. Simulated fingermarks provide a practical way to create fingermarks for specific conditions in large quantities. The results showed that each condition influences the performance significantly, emphasizing the relevance of developing, and applying performance tests for specific conditions.     

Weakening forensic science in Spain: from expert evidence to documentary evidence

An amendment in 2002 to the Spanish Code of Criminal Procedure converted into documentary evidence the expert reports prepared by official laboratories aimed at determining the nature, weight, and purity of seized drugs. In most cases, experts are spared from appearance before the courts. This is likely to be extended to other forensic fields. After an overview of criminalistic identification in current forensic science, the objectivity and reliability concepts used by jurists and scientists are considered by comparing the paradigm of individualization with that of likelihood. Subsequently, a detailed critical study is made on the above-mentioned Spanish legal reform, and a comparison is made with the decision on the Melendez-Diaz v. Massachusetts case as ruled by the Supreme Court of the United States. Although the reform is in compliance with the Spanish Constitution, it is at odds with science, in particular regarding the logic underpinning the scientific evaluation of evidence.     

Bayesian networks and the value of the evidence for the forensic two-trace transfer problem*

Forensic scientists face increasingly complex inference problems for evaluating likelihood ratios (LRs) for an appropriate pair of propositions. Up to now, scientists and statisticians have derived LR formulae using an algebraic approach. However, this approach reaches its limits when addressing cases with an increasing number of variables and dependence relationships between these variables. In this study, we suggest using a graphical approach, based on the construction of Bayesian networks (BNs). We first construct a BN that captures the problem, and then deduce the expression for calculating the LR from this model to compare it with existing LR formulae. We illustrate this idea by applying it to the evaluation of an activity level LR in the context of the two-trace transfer problem. Our approach allows us to relax assumptions made in previous LR developments, produce a new LR formula for the two-trace transfer problem and generalize this scenario to n traces.     

言词辩论的全部意旨研究——德国、日本的判例、学说之考察及其启示

在民事诉讼中,依自由心证主义之本旨,受诉法院必须在斟酌证据调查的结果以及言词辩论的全部意旨的基础上认定案件事实。作为适法地呈现于言词辩论中的证据调查的结果以外的诉讼资料,言词辩论的全部意旨不仅能补充证据调查,而且能单独作为受诉法院认定案件事实的根据。这不仅合乎民事诉讼中法官心证形成的实际,也契合民事诉讼中法官认定案件事实之规律。为防止法官恣意地进行事实认定并担保事实认定之客观性,言词辩论的全部意旨单独作为事实认定的根据应以辅助事实及不重要的间接事实为限。受诉法院依言词辩论的全部意旨认定案件事实时,虽无须在裁判理由中对此予以具体的说示,但至少应能从诉讼记录中明了言词辩论的全部意在本案中乃何所指。     

公共组织及运行评价的国际经验与启示

现代社会中,对公共组织及其运行的评价具有重要的现实意义。从国际经验看,对公共组织及其运行的评价特色在于以治理理论为依托;以共识性的公共价值为评价的主要内容;以规则性指标和实践性指标相结合;以单一性指标和综合性指标相结合;以客观指标和主观指标相结合;以过程指标与绩效指标相结合;注重将新的时代元素融入评价内容,回应复杂环境的挑战;重视持续性和规范性。对我国而言,应该以国际经验为参考,以我国国情为基础,发展出一套本土化的评价指标体系,并建立可持续的评价机制。     

交通伤致手功能丧失的伤残评定

在交通事故伤残评定中,手功能评定是目前法医界关注的焦点问题之一.现行《道路交通事故受伤人员伤残评定》标准规定的手功能分配比例是由国外手外科专家的理念与我国手外科的实际情况相结合而产生的.在进行手功能评定时,需考虑缺失、运动、感觉等三方面的功能丧失程度,测算相应的功能丧失比例,然后在标准中寻找对应的适用条款.然而,目前我国的手功能评定中也存在一定的问题,包括手指(拇指除外)远侧关节比例大于近侧关节比例,缺乏对于拇指内收、外展、对掌、对指等功能的评价等.手功能评定方法在司法鉴定的实践中尚需不断完善,在吸取国外成功经验的同时,不应一味追求简便而断章取义,忽视了一些重要的问题.     

A REVIEW OF PROGRAMS DESIGNED TO PREPARE PARENTS FOR CUSTODY AND VISITATION MEDIATION

Mediation orientation programs are an increasingly common resource for parents preparing to mediate custody and visitation disputes. In this paper, we review empirical studies on program effectiveness and describe a range of programs in the U.S. Most are brief and psychoeducational in nature, focusing on the mediation process and the effects of conflict on children. Programs typically provide information through reading materials, slides, and videos, either in a group setting or online. Few evaluate program effectiveness. We offer suggestions for program evaluation and introduce an assessment‐based framework for providing individualized services for parents. Key Points for the Family Court Community

• ? Few Mediation Orientation programs have been empirically evaluated.
• ? Useful research designs would include (1) assessing participants both before and after the program and (2) comparing program participants to non‐participants.
• ? The psychoeducational components of Mediation Orientation programs may need to be tailored for low‐ and high‐conflict couples.

     

关于刑事诉讼法修改中有关司法鉴定问题的思考

由省级人民政府指定的医院进行司法鉴定,不仅限制了司法鉴定机构的执业权利,造成法律适用上的混乱,而且在实践中也不具有可行性。此外,对于鉴定人无正当理由拒绝出庭作证的法律责任,无论是从法院与鉴定人的关系,鉴定人强制出庭作证来看,还是从司法拘留的适用性质来看,都不应当强制鉴定人出庭。上述是刑事诉讼法中有关司法鉴定的两个重要问题,应当借此次修改的机会,完善刑事诉讼领域的司法鉴定制度,促进法律协调统一。     

基于DEA模型的我国政府社会管理职能绩效评价研究——以30个省(直辖市、自治区)为统计样本的实证分析

政府社会管理职能绩效评价是政府管理中的一个重点和难点问题。本文采用数据包络分析模型对中国30个省(直辖市、自治区)的政府社会管理职能绩效进行时空差异分析和实证评价。研究发现,30个省(直辖市、自治区)的政府社会管理职能绩效具有空间差异性、雁行形态和区域梯度性、时间动态变化性、结构复杂性特征。为进一步提高我国政府社会管理职能绩效,本文提出了有关对策建议。