Challenging arbitral awards: A comparative study of Chinese law, british law and UNCITRAL model law

Support and supervision of a court ensure the integrity of the arbitral process and protect the public interest. However, to prevent the confidence of the arbitral system from being damaged, the judicial control should not be too strict. The support and supervision of a court can be seen in many aspects, among which is to challenge an award. Under the Chinese arbitration law, an award made by a foreign arbitration agency is regarded as a foreign award, challenge of which involves resisting recognition and enforcement in accordance with the relevant provisions of the international treaties concluded or acceded to by the People’s Republic of China or on the principle of reciprocity. Accordingly, an award made by a Chinese arbitration agency is regarded as a domestic award, challenge of which includes setting aside and resisting enforcement. As to the grounds and procedures for challenging a domestic award, including foreign-related awards and non-foreign-related awards, some Chinese provisions are either obscure or contradictory. There may be room for the Chinese system to be modernized. The Model Law and the English Arbitration Act of 1996 may be used for its reference.     

兔出血症病毒与欧洲野兔综合征病毒复合RT-PCR检测方法的建立

为建立用于兔出血症病毒(RHDV)和欧洲野兔综合征病毒(EBHSV)诊断鉴别的快速检测方法,根据GenBank中的RHDV和EBHSV基因组序列,设计合成5条特异性引物和9条重叠延伸引物,分别以通过重叠延伸PCR人工合成的EBHSV VP60基因中359bp基因片段构建的重组质粒pGM-T-EBHSV和RHDV RT-PCR产物构建的pGM-T-RHDV为模板,经过反应条件的优化、敏感性试验和特异性试验,初步建立了RHDV和EBHSV的复合RT-PCR检测方法,并对20份临床样品和5份RHDV人工感染样品进行了检测。结果表明,建立的复合RT-PCR方法具有良好的特异性和敏感性,可分别扩增出RHDV和EBHSV的特异性目的片段192bp和335bp,对2种病毒的检测限度均可达到50copies的目的基因片段,兔巴氏杆菌、兔大肠杆菌和沙门氏菌核酸扩增均为阴性。样品检测结果显示,5份人工感染样品的RHDV检出率为100%,20份临床样品的RHDV检测为阴性。     

我国警察高等教育可拓特点与协同发展模式

本文基于我国警察高等教育改革与创新的研究实际,从理论与实践、学科与行业、专业与能力以及知识与经验的多属性角度,指出了目前警察高等教育存在的问题,提出了基于可拓知识的协同高等教育模式。运用系统理论、行为科学和社会选择理论,结合现代高等教育研究中具有可实现意义的理论和方法,对警察高等教育协同发展模式的基本框架、理论体系和实践过程进行了研究。结果表明：高等教育协同模式是学科与行业的协同、专业与职业能力的协同、教与学的协同。     

Fatalities Due to Failure of Continuous Subcutaneous Insulin Infusion Devices: A Report of Six Cases

Diabetes mellitus type 1 and type 2 are diseases characterized by impaired regulation of blood glucose due to decreased insulin production and insulin resistance, respectively. Management of diabetes mellitus often requires injection of exogenous insulin. Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII or insulin pump) is a diabetes treatment modality utilizing a device to aid in regulation of glycemic control. Malfunctions in device components can have rare fatal consequences. Described in this report are six fatalities due to one such malfunction, the failure of plastic cannulas of CSII devices to penetrate the skin and deliver insulin, resulting in fatal diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). The cases derive from four different death investigation systems. For each case, scene and autopsy findings are presented, as well as selected toxicology and histology findings. These cases illustrate the importance of careful examination of CSII devices in death investigations and introduce a discussion on discrepant manner of death classifications.     

跨越周期的发展:飞雁理论及其规律性探索

产品生命周期与生产的地区性变化紧密相连,并随着产品的不断革新而向落后地区扩散,这—扩散过程可以描述为飞雁跨越摸式,它可以打破经济传递的梯度模式的限制,跨越梯度最小率。因此,这种模式可以为我国的西部大开发提供一个必要的理论支点。     

“78斧砍妻案”中“冷血局长”该判何罪？——关于在刑法中增设“国家机关工作人员见危不救罪”的建议

本文针对我国目前道德方面的问题,提出在<刑法>中增设"国家工作人员见危不救罪"的立法建议.     

De facto independence after delegation: A fuzzy‐set analysis

The phenomenon of delegating public authority from elected politicians (or ministries headed by elected politicians) to formally independent regulatory agencies (RAs) is becoming increasingly widespread. This paper examines the relation between formal independence, as prescribed in the constitutions of agencies, and de facto independence. Toward this end, it conceptualizes and assesses de facto independence of RAs, and discusses organizational, institutional, and political explanations for divergence from formal independence. The complex relations between de facto and formal independence are examined with a cross‐national, cross‐sectoral comparison of 16 Western European RAs using fuzzy‐set analysis. The results show that formal independence is neither a necessary nor a sufficient condition for explaining variations in the de facto independence of agencies. Other factors, such as the lifecycle of agencies, veto players, and European networks of agencies, have a decisive impact.     

Accuracy of comparison decisions by forensic firearms examiners

This black box study assessed the performance of forensic firearms examiners in the United States. It involved three different types of firearms and 173 volunteers who performed a total of 8640 comparisons of both bullets and cartridge cases. The overall false-positive error rate was estimated as 0.656% and 0.933% for bullets and cartridge cases, respectively, while the rate of false negatives was estimated as 2.87% and 1.87% for bullets and cartridge cases, respectively. The majority of errors were made by a limited number of examiners. Because chi-square tests of independence strongly suggest that error probabilities are not the same for each examiner, these are maximum-likelihood estimates based on the beta-binomial probability model and do not depend on an assumption of equal examiner-specific error rates. Corresponding 95% confidence intervals are (0.305%, 1.42%) and (0.548%, 1.57%) for false positives for bullets and cartridge cases, respectively, and (1.89%, 4.26%) and (1.16%, 2.99%) for false negatives for bullets and cartridge cases, respectively. The results of this study are consistent with prior studies, despite its comprehensive design and challenging specimens.     

The politics of external approval: Explaining the IMF's evaluation of austerity programmes

During the European debt crisis, numerous states launched austerity programmes. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) evaluates and forecasts the likelihood of member states’ success in implementing these programmes. Although IMF evaluations influence country risk perceptions on capital markets, little is known about their reasoning. This article uses fuzzy‐set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) to explore on what grounds the IMF evaluated the success prospects of austerity programmes during the European debt crisis. Results reveal that IMF evaluations are heavily influenced by the programme's implementation credibility. They require a tractable policy problem, a country's institutional capacity to structure implementation, and favour expenditure reduction over revenue measures. By acting as a strict guide on the road to fiscal adjustment, the IMF indirectly influences member states’ scope of policy making through its surveillance activities. Extensive austerity programmes that need to be implemented swiftly are evaluated negatively if the country is not involved in an IMF programme.     

SNP Miniplexes for Individual Identification of Random‐Bred Domestic Cats

Phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of the cat can be obtained from single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) analyses of fur. This study developed miniplexes using SNPs with high discriminating power for random‐bred domestic cats, focusing on individual and phenotypic identification. Seventy‐eight SNPs were investigated using a multiplex PCR followed by a fluorescently labeled single base extension (SBE) technique (SNaPshot^®). The SNP miniplexes were evaluated for reliability, reproducibility, sensitivity, species specificity, detection limitations, and assignment accuracy. Six SNPplexes were developed containing 39 intergenic SNPs and 26 phenotypic SNPs, including a sex identification marker, ZFXY. The combined random match probability (cRMP) was 6.58 × 10^?19 across all Western cat populations and the likelihood ratio was 1.52 × 10¹⁸. These SNPplexes can distinguish individual cats and their phenotypic traits, which could provide insight into crime reconstructions. A SNP database of 237 cats from 13 worldwide populations is now available for forensic applications.