Real‐Time Detection of Concealed Chemical Hazards Under Ambient Light Conditions Using Raman Spectroscopy

Current concerns regarding terrorism and international crime highlight the need for new techniques for detecting unknown and hazardous substances. A novel Raman spectroscopy‐based technique, spatially offset Raman spectroscopy (SORS), was recently devised for noninvasively probing the contents of diffusely scattering and opaque containers. Here, we demonstrate a modified portable SORS sensor for detecting concealed substances in‐field under different background lighting conditions. Samples including explosive precursors, drugs, and an organophosphate insecticide (chemical warfare agent surrogate) were concealed inside diffusely scattering packaging including plastic, paper, and cloth. Measurements were carried out under incandescent and fluorescent light as well as under daylight to assess the suitability of the probe for different real‐life conditions. In each case, it was possible to identify the substances against their reference Raman spectra in less than 1 min. The developed sensor has potential for rapid detection of concealed hazardous substances in airports, mail distribution centers, and customs checkpoints.     

The Swiss business elite (1980–2000): how the changing composition of the elite explains the decline of the Swiss company network

Abstract

In this paper we analyse the decline of the Swiss corporate network between 1980 and 2000. We address the theoretical and methodological challenge of this transformation by the use of a combination of network analysis and multiple correspondence analysis (MCA). Based on a sample of top managers of the 110 largest Swiss companies in 1980 and 2000 we show that, beyond an adjustment to structural pressure, an explanation of the decline of the network has to include the strategies of the fractions of the business elites. We reveal that three factors contribute crucially to the decline of the Swiss corporate network: the managerialization of industrial leaders, the marginalization of law degree holders and the influx of hardly connected foreign managers.     

Situational deterrence and claim padding: results from a randomized field experiment

While it is generally argued that threats of legal sanctions are more effective with offenders involved in economic crimes than with delinquents committing more conventional crimes, such an affirmation rests on weak empirical evidence. Also, most studies supporting this proposition were conducted with non-experimental designs, thus, undermining the interval validity of the results. On the other hand, studies base their predictions on individual factors and do not incorporate contextual factors. To overcome those limitations, a randomized field experiment was implemented in four insurance companies to incorporate contextual factors into the dynamics of deterrence. This study assessed the effect of a written threat (a deterrent letter reminding insured persons of the punishment for insurance fraud) on claim padding behaviours of insured persons filing claims for residential theft. A deterrent-letter project was implemented in four insurance companies, with claims randomly assigned to the experimental or the control group. Cases belonging to the control group were managed as usual, while individuals in the experimental group received the written threat. The experimental design made sure that the deterrent stimulus was exactly delivered to the insured persons when they had the opportunity to exaggerate the value of their claims. Findings demonstrate that claimants in the experimental group were less likely to pad their claims than were those in the control group. The letter was effective, regardless of the means of delivery. In conclusion, the administration of a written threat at the moment of criminal opportunity appears to be an effective strategy for preventing economic crimes.

发展权视域下农业知识产权融资探析

发展权是农业知识产权融资的理论基础。长期以来我国立法重视生存权而不重视发展权,造成了农村金融的诸多问题,农业知识产权融资发展举步维艰。农业知识产权融资应当以融资主体的利益正当性为基点,构建科技创新机制、风险防控机制、惠益分享机制和私权自治保障机制,在策略选择上完成从重视生存权向重视发展权的理念嬗变,培育农业知识产权融资专业评估机构,并强调农业科技创新与农业知识产权融资的双轨并行。     

犯罪心理学的跨学科视野

为了进一步提高犯罪心理学的发展水平，就必须审视犯罪心理学的学科自身。通过对犯罪心理学的学科性质、相关学科、学科联系等的理论分析，提出单学科视野具有不可避免的局限性，因而犯罪心理学应确立跨学科视野。心理学理论与刑事法学理论是犯罪心理学跨学科视野的两大主干。心理学理论是犯罪心理学的依托和基础，是犯罪心理学发展的理论源头，目前如何处理好普遍与特殊的关系，树立整体的心理观和发展的心理观明显存在着不足；同时，应加强社会心理学的元素。具体的应用领域的性质，决定了刑事法学对犯罪心理学的跨学科视野的重要性，这种跨学科视野要遵循法律的规范性，从应用领域的发展获得学科发展的动力。跨学科视野要求广阔的知识背景，包括来自生活和实践的经验或启迪。犯罪心理学的理论发展在跨学科视野下，不应该是划一的模式，可能会是多元的模式，具有多重选择和多重未来。     

The Effects of Dextromethorphan on Driving Performance and the Standardized Field Sobriety Test

Dextromethorphan (DXM) is abused most commonly among adolescents as a recreational drug to generate a dissociative experience. The objective of the study was to assess driving with and without DXM ingestion. The effects of one‐time maximum daily doses of DXM 120 mg versus a guaifenesin 400 mg dose were compared among 40 healthy subjects using a crossover design. Subjects’ ability to drive was assessed by their performance in a driving simulator (STISIM^® Drive driving simulator software) and by conducting a standardized field sobriety test (SFST) administered 1‐h postdrug administration. The one‐time dose of DXM 120 mg did not demonstrate driving impairment on the STISIM^® Drive driving simulator or increase SFST failures compared to guaifenesin 400 mg. Doses greater than the currently recommended maximum daily dose of 120 mg are necessary to perturb driving behavior.     

论亚控制领域中行政主体的作为向度

亚控制领域是行政主体与行政客体在行政行为实施过程中所呈现的跟主体的希望与设想不完全一致甚至相连背的区域。也就是说因为主体自身因素和客体的特点影响而导致的行政设想与愿望与行政实施与操作之间的差异关系。分析亚控制领域的特点以及探析在亚控制领域中行政主体的行政作为向度，不仅有利于提高行政效能，有利于行政体制改革目标不断向构建服务型政府和有限政府目标迈进,而且有利于当前深入贯彻落实党的十七大精神和构建和谐社会中的管理和谐与心态和谐。     

中国特色社会主义核心价值体系的基本特征：领域分离及其整合

中国特色社会主义核心价值体系的构建是和谐社会建设中极其重要的心理支持系统。市场经济的现实发展是中国特色社会主义核心价值体系领域分离的动力。公共性是公共领域核心价值的基本定位。互利、追求自由是私人领域核心价值的两个基本原则。核心价值体系的整合需要形成一个全社会普遍共享的核心价值体系。     

诈骗犯罪对策研究——以100个案例的实证分析为视角

犯罪对策的研究重点应当从犯罪原因向犯罪场转移。诈骗犯罪是典型的交易被害型犯罪，其加害人与被害人情况、犯罪互动关系以及社会控制机制是我们探讨该类犯罪预防对策的出发点。     

浅论光-动构成艺术

本文从光-动构成艺术在绘画、摄影、平面、装置中的应用、表现出发，阐述了光-动构成艺术的多种表现形式及手段、在大型综合媒介表演艺术、MTV、激光造型艺术以及在数码设计等艺术领域中的广泛应用。