中国刑事审级制度的反思与重构--基于法理学的视角

两审终审制虽有利于节省司法资源,提高司法效率,但却是建立在有害司法公正的基础上,存在诸多体制性弊端。故为最大限度的实现正义与效率的兼顾,保障刑事诉讼之惩罚犯罪和保障人权之目的,需要从法理学的视角剖析刑事审级制度,并通过三审终审的制度设计,实现当事人的复审救济权,避免申诉、审判监督等复查程序对刑事审级制度的侵蚀和瓦解。     

Incapacitation: Revisiting an Old Question with a New Method and New Data

We use the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 to obtain estimates of the number of crimes avoided through incapacitation of individual offenders. Incarcerated individuals are matched to comparable non-incarcerated counterparts using propensity score matching. Propensity scores for incarceration are calculated using a wide variety of time-stable and time-varying confounding variables. We separately analyze juvenile (age 16 or 17) and adult (age 18 or 19) incapacitation effects. Our best estimate is that between 6.2 and 14.1 offenses are prevented per year of juvenile incarceration, and 4.9 to 8.4 offenses are prevented per year of adult incarceration.

未决羁押正当性的实体透视与程序推演

未决羁押正当性的实体目的是防止未决羁押期限超过法官最终确认的徒刑期限,其制度设计的直接目的,当然是设置一种程序机制来尽可能准确预测法官的最终判决。达成未决羁押正当性的措施以实现审判结构的科学性为前提,在此前提下主要考虑两方面的措施一方面确立对未决羁押的司法审查程序,包括对自然羁押与正式羁押的区分以及警察、检察官的风险选择;另一方面实现侦查权与关押权的分离。     

Is Something Better Than Nothing? The Effect of Short Terms of Mandatory Parole Supervision

This article reports the findings of a quasi-experimental evaluation of a mandatory early parole program. New Jersey’s Statutory Early Release (SER) law required that all inmates, with few exceptions, be released onto parole six months before the expiration of their sentence. SER participants (n = 405) were matched using propensity scores to two groups of similar offenders who left prison in the year prior to the implementation of the SER statute. Comparison groups include former inmates that were released either unconditionally (n = 4,507) or onto standard parole (n = 5,657). At the conclusion of the matching routines, 395 SER-parolee pairs and 394 SER-unconditional release pairs were identified. Outcomes measures, including comparisons of rearrest and reconviction rates, are reported pre and post matching, and at 6-, 12-, and 18-month intervals. Individuals enrolled in the SER program demonstrated significantly reduced arrest rates during the SER supervision period when compared to unconditionally released offenders, though differences do not persist past six months. Offending rates for both SER participants and matched parolees were generally similar, with some significant variation in arrest rates emerging after 12 months.     

视野有效值法和视野评分法评定视野损害的比较和评价

视野有效值法和视野评分法分别是当前国内、外用于评定视野损害的主要方法,本文对这两种方法的主要内容、计算过程进行分析和比较。视野有效值法较便捷,可操作性强,当视野缺损位于周边视野时,视野有效值法适用性较好,但视野缺损累及中心10°视野时,存在较大误差,使用时应结合视力受损程度、其他检查等综合分析。视野评分法有诸多特殊规定,操作较繁琐,但更具科学性、准确性,在法医学鉴定中的应用前景值得期待,其依据的科学理念也值得在制修订相关标准时予以关注和借鉴。     

Association between homicide injury severity and benzodiazepine influence

There are case reports of offenders inflicting excessive injuries on their victims when under the influence of benzodiazepines. However, the potential association between benzodiazepine influence on the offender and victim injury severity in a general homicide population has not been studied. We investigated associations between offender positive testing for benzodiazepines or z-drugs (zolpidem, zopiclone and zaleplon) and victim injury severity. Data were drawn from 95 Swedish homicide cases from 2007–2009 in which offenders had known toxicology. There were no significant differences in injury severity between cases in which the offender tested positive vs. negative for benzodiazepines/z-drugs. Thus, the findings do not support the hypothesis that there is an association between benzodiazepine influence on the offender and victim injury severity in a general homicide population.

Key points

• Some previous studies have linked benzodiazepines to aggression, violence and excessive homicide injuries.
• The present study analysed the association between homicide injury severity and benzodiazepine status of the offender.
• Offenders who tested positive for benzodiazepines did not inflict more severe injuries on their victims.
• These findings do not support the hypothesis that benzodiazepine influence generally causes offenders to inflict more severe injuries on homicide victims.

     

标准参照测验中标准设定的聚类分析法

针对标准参照测验中标准设定存在的问题,本文探讨了一种客观化标准设定方法:聚类分析法,该法基于客观的实际测验数据,采用数理统计手段确定分界分数。首先阐述了聚类分析法应用于标准设定的逻辑基础,随后探讨了基于聚类分析设定分界分数的基本方法和步骤,尤其是如何检验聚类分析法的有效性。结合已有实证研究讨论了聚类分析法的优点与不足,并对聚类分析的应用提出了若干建议。     

Asset Ownership and Future Orientation of Youth and Their Parents: Evidence From Ghana

Although future orientation influences a variety of desirable behaviors, few studies have examined the relationship between economic resources and future orientation. In this study, we investigated whether and how asset ownership influences future orientation. We analyzed survey data collected from 3,007 Ghanaian youth and their parents. We used factor analysis to determine the psychometric qualities of our instruments, and propensity score analysis to examine the relationship between asset ownership and future orientation. Results suggest that asset ownership influences future orientation of youth and their parents. However, the direction of the relationship depends on the type of asset. Ownership of household possessions, including televisions contributes to higher levels of future orientation, but livestock ownership has a negative effect on future orientation. We discuss implications for future research, as well as programs for youth and their families.     

签订劳动合同能增加女性劳动者的工资吗？ —— 基于 CLDS2016年数据的验证

签订劳动合同的目的是保障劳动者的合法权益,但是其实施效果究竟如何,能否有效保障女性劳动者的合法权益,减少女性劳动者工作过程中的不平等待遇,还有待进一步验证。研究利用2016年中国劳动力动态调查数据,分析劳动合同签订对女性劳动者工资收入的影响。分析结果显示:劳动合同签订能够显著提高女性劳动者工资水平,并且对工资的提升作用大于男性劳动者;劳动合同签订能够有效降低女性劳动者的工作时间,提高加班收入。因此,建议要继续完善劳动合同法及相关的女性劳动权益保障政策,加大法律和政策的实施力度,采取措施提升女性的就业能力。     

行政终局裁决探析

行政终局裁决直接影响行政诉讼的受案范围,关系到行政相对人的权益保护,是行政法理论中较为敏感的问题。应该坚持司法最终裁决原则,取消行政机关终局裁决的权力,有效保护行政相对人的合法权益,推进行政法治。