论国际河流后开发国家的权利与义务

国际河流后开发国家特殊的地理位置使其对国际河流的开发会对先开发国家的既得利益产生重要影响.国家对位于其领土内的国际水资源享有主权是后开发国家对国际河流享有开发利用权最主要的法理基础,“先占主义”理论在国际实践中鲜获支持,国际仲裁、判例进一步确认了后开发国家开发利用国际水资源的权利和义务.故国际河流后开发国家享有开发利用国际河流的权利,同时也应承担相应的国际责任和义务.我国作为大部分国际河流的后开发国家也应受到启示,以实现国际水资源的可持续利用.     

我国知识产权研究现状探讨——基于1994-2010年知识产权博士学位论文的数据分析

通过分析我国1994-2010年知识产权博士学位论文的选题、关键词、主题词和学校分布，理清我国近些年来知识产权方面博士学位论文的现状，总结其规律，揭示其反映的知识产权学术研究现状，为以后知识产权博士论文撰写方向和思路提供参考。     

适应与自主之间的德国基本权利教义学——德国国家信息行为的宪法教义学建构

德国联邦宪法法院基于国家信息行为的三方性特征在合宪性审查中采用了偏离自由权三阶审查模式的回应方式:增加了"保障内涵"(Gewhrleistungsgehalt)的审查标准,同时把"侵害"(Eingriff)概念扩展为"损害"(Beeintrchtigung)并以宪法未明文规定的"国家领导任务"(Aufgabe der Staatslei-tung)建构国家信息行为的正当性基础。在观察基本权利教义学结构与面貌变动的基础上明确了:基本权利教义学以提供理性化之法律适用并达成个案之基本权利保障为目的,面对多变的国家行为形式具有开展的弹性与适应变迁的可能性。     

城管执法的人权标准和权利保障

近年频发的城管暴力执法事件,折射出我国城管违法执法的普遍存在。究其根源,与城管执法以人为本理念缺失密切相关。在执法过程中,应树立以人为本的执法理念,既要实现维护公共利益的执法目的,又要考虑行政相对人基本人权的保障。在重塑执法理念的同时,只有对相关制度予以完善,优化执法队伍、注重柔性执法手段的运用,健全权力监督机制和权利救济机制,才能真正实现城管执法的法治化。     

人权保障理念下职务犯罪侦查模式的转变——以新刑诉法实施后职务犯罪侦查为视角

职务犯罪侦查模式关系到对侦查权力的限制和对犯罪嫌疑人人权的保障。西方法治国家职务犯罪侦查模式通过合理规制犯罪控制程序来促使保障人权的做法，值得我们深思和借鉴。在新刑事诉讼法的框架下，检察机关应立足本土实际，以强化人权保障、有效打击犯罪为出发点，结合当前我国职务犯罪侦查模式的现状及问题，针对人权保障理念下如何实现职务犯罪侦查模式的转变，努力完善职务犯罪的侦查模式。     

论碳排放权的法律属性

《联合国气候变化框架公约》和《联合气候变化框架公约的京都议定书》所创设的碳交易在形式上为碳排放量交易,其背后的理论基础为碳排放权。科斯的环境产权理论要求我们应对环境容量资源进行产权界定。从法律视角考察的碳排放权一方面具有环境权的属性,另一方面又具有财产权的属性。碳排放权的这两种属性在实现环境资源可持续发展的终极目标方面是辩证统一的。     

人格权法独立成编的体系效应之辨识

就终极意义而论,说人格权为宪法权利抑或民事权利均属不当。但自实证法而言,究竟是由宪法,还是由民法来规定人格权,这只是一个法律分工问题,并不涉及任何价值判断。只要我们继续采取立法导向的规范化思路,则人格权的民法化就是必要的。自然人对其人格要素享有支配权,并且在现代社会中,人格权的商业化倾向也使得人格权与自然人间发生了主动分离,这就说明人格权已经不能再寄居于自然人编了。从《侵权责任法》的定位和人格权的特征及其现实需求来看,人格权法也不宜为《侵权责任法》所涵盖。因此自体系而言,未来我国的民法典应当继承《民法通则》的传统,坚持人格权法独立成编的体例。     

论治理“过度医疗”涉及的若干法律问题

“过度医疗”涉及多种因素，依法治理应是根本的途径。本文在界定“过度医疗”构成要件的基础上，探讨了所涉及的相关法律问题，包括法律规范的健全、患者权利的保护及新型医疗模式的构建等。     

The UK Politics of Overseas Voting

The enfranchisement of non‐resident citizens has always been controversial in the UK, where for historical reasons, voting rights are not as closely associated with citizenship as elsewhere. The introduction of ‘overseas’ voting in the 1980s by the Conservatives was contested by Labour as a form of ‘international gerrymandering’ since expatriates were widely assumed to be disproportionately wealthy and therefore more likely to vote Tory. Expatriate campaigners have been increasingly vocal in denouncing the ‘electoral injustice’ of the ‘fifteen‐year rule’ which disenfranchises them after fifteen years abroad, and the exclusion of so many from the EU referendum highlighted their cause. A recent private member's bill proposing ‘votes for life’ for UK expatriates aimed to meet their demands to abolish the time restriction, now considered anachronistic. But their arguments were hijacked by historically embedded attitudes and disputes driven by party politics, ending in a dramatic and bewildering filibuster which this paper elucidates.     

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights at Seventy: Rejuvenate or Retire?*

This lecture marks the seventieth anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) with an analysis of the Declaration's contemporary relevance. It considers whether, in today's turbulent and fractured political environment in which human rights abuses remain widespread, the UDHR still has a role to play. A case is made that the UDHR was, in fact, written precisely for a moment like now. The lecture starts by considering the important legal impact of the UDHR, whilst acknowledging that the legal enforcement of human rights sometimes overshadows the emotions of care and empathy that lie at the heart of both the Declaration and the whole concept of human rights. It then emphasises the significant role the UDHR has played in giving individuals a voice to hold states accountable. Finally, it explores the UDHR's ethical and inspirational vision that helped to create a baseline of norms and standards aimed at promoting diversity, mutual respect and peace. For all these reasons, the UDHR most certainly needs to be rejuvenated rather than retired.