对法本质认识的科学主义倾向之批判

由于因果律在根源上的证据不充分,因此以因果律为基础的科学方法对法律本质的认识存在问题.放弃因果律为前提,以追求最大盖然性为目标的科学方法,进入法学将会导致法学的实用主义,忽略人的价值;坚持因果律的科学方法,虽然可以很好地解决休谟难题,但必然会推导至彻底的决定论而丧失人类的自由意志,抹杀人的价值.法哲学研究应对理性与非理性同等尊重,关注客观性的同时,也关注个人的价值.     

浅议刑事诉讼严格证明与自由证明之适用范围

刑事证明规则的核心内容是对证明对象进行严格证明与自由证明。两种不同证明方法的适用,是证据法领域中程序正义和诉讼效率的体现。在司法实践中,区分严格证明与自由证明方法的适用范围则是关键。各国关于严格证明与自由证明的立法规定以及国内外学者的理论争论也多集中于此。一般来说,由于定罪事实涉及案件实体处理结果及被告之重大权益,对其应采用严格证明的方法,而对量刑事实则可自由证明;对程序性事实应该根据其自身不同的法律属性而分别采用不同的证明方法。     

Questioning and Pursuing: The Original Sin and Salvation in Dostoevsky’s Literature

The theoretical core of all religions, including Eastern Orthodox, is human being. No matter what changes occurred in history, paradigm, method and vocabulary on Dostoyevsky’s research in the last one hundred years, the Russian Eastern orthodox influenced and disseminated Dostoyevsky through religious doctrine and religious atmosphere, his thinking on human being was completed in the context of Eastern orthodox culture. What Dostoyevsky concerned about was sin and salvation in his whole life. God/man should keep a harmonious binary relationship. Human being has free will, but evil and sin are caused by irrational use of free will. In order to obtain the re-harmonious binary relationship, human being must envisage sin and suffering, and give themselves inner self punishment. The Man of god, Jesus Christ, is the perfect one who could save human beings. Dostoevsky responded original sin and redemption in the orthodox view.     

Press content as a key to a country's alignment: The case of Ethiopia

This article examines the news content of an Ethiopian government‐run newspaper over a period of 20 years to determine how closely the present government is aligned with the Soviet Union. There are two schools of though among foreign policy scholars. Regionalists believe Ethiopia is nonaligned. They argue that since the country follows the tenants of African socialism, its international politics are shaped by indigenous factors such as nationalism and local economic and security needs, rather than by Soviet or U.S. influence. Globalists, on the other hand, believe Ethiopia belongs to the Soviet camp and is dependent on the Soviet Union. A review of a government‐run newspaper in two ten‐year periods before and after the takeover by Mengistu Haile Mariam found a dramatic shift in the nature of coverage. Under Emperor Haile Selassie before the ovethrow, the paper printed predominantly pro‐United States and anti‐Soviet news. But under Mengistu, the same paper printed vastly pro‐Soviet and anti‐United States news, and absolutely no anti‐Soviet news. These findings support the globalist view.     

Free Will,Punishment, and the Burden of Proof

Justifying state punishment presents a difficulty for those who deny that human actions are free in the sense required by moral responsibility. The argument I make in this article, following work done by Double, Vilhauer, and Sehon, is that those who believe that human beings do sometimes act freely face exactly the same difficulty, for no current account of freedom has the sort of evidentiary support that condemning a person to punishment requires; no current account could meet even the most minimal burden of proof. Recourse to purely preventive methods, such as are proposed for a system of quarantine of dangerous individuals, seems undesirable because of the absence of limits under such a system, limits like the requirements of proportionality and guilt. That same objection holds as well against proposals of non-retributive punishment. The adoption of a system of punishment, understood retributively or non-retributively, does not preclude the state even in theory from also adopting a system of preventive measures. The answer that I suggest is a system of limited deprivations of freedom justified in much the way the doctrine of takings is justified, along with the specific exclusion of purely preventive methods for competent individuals.     

农村住房所有权及宅基地使用权转让的理论思考

农村住房所有人依法有权转让其住房。作为完整的用益物权，宅基地使用权也包括处分权能，但含义不同于所有权中的处分权能。住房所有权与宅基地所有权或使用权转让有同类型；折中主义下的转让，也有不同情形。在我国部分地区可以进行农村住房所有权与宅基地使用权合一自由转让的试点工作。我国历史上有农村住房所有权与宅基地使用权的转让，现实中也大量存在。     

全额共同抵押实现规则之设计

全额共同抵押与限额共同抵押的实现规则存在很大差异，它的实现不但涉及共同抵押权人债权的实现，同时也关系到物上保证人和后次序抵押权人利益的维护，因而全额共同抵押是实践中最具有代表意义的共同抵押方式。在全额共同抵押中，共同抵押权人为实现其债权可以行使自由选择权，但同时受到“债务人优先负担主义”和“价额比例分配主义”的限制，具体而言无论同时分配还是异时分配，倘若同时拍卖的抵押物中有债务人提供的抵押物，则应先以该抵押物的变价价款清偿债务，否则应依照价额比例分配主义实现债权。     

新形势下厦门对台优势与作用问题研究—兼论两岸交流合作先行区之构建

厦门近30年来在发挥独特对台优势，拓展两岸交流合作，促进对台工作与两岸关系发展中起到了一系列独特作用。厦门对台优势与作用的发挥，与祖国大陆及厦门开放型经济的持续快速发展有着高度的正向相关性，是和中央在改革开放与对台工作方面对厦门的定位以及相应赋予的特殊政策与灵活措施紧密相关的。新形势下进一步发挥厦门对台优势与作用，既面临诸多制约与挑战，也面临重要机遇与现实可能，但依然有其客观必要性，并有赖于中央在改革开放与对台工作方面对厦门的新的定位和相应的政策支撑，特别是有赖于厦门经济特区开放型经济的进一步发展，并向自由经贸区转型。当前中央应在厦门建立一个遵循WTO无歧视原则的开放性的“两岸交流合作先行区”，整合构建起一个有助于扩大对外开放、推动区域（两岸）合作、促进国家统一的平台，以进一步发挥厦门对台优势与作用。     

论劳动关系中的民主

本文通过重新审视中国劳动关系的现状 ,结合对劳动关系史的考察 ,针对我国劳动关系现状中存在的问题及原因 ,重申了劳动关系及劳动关系理论中的民主理念和概念 ,提出了建立以民主的契约为基础的劳动关系调整机制权利的基本思路。     

GHB free acid: II. Isolation and spectroscopic characterization for forensic analysis

A reference standard for gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) free acid is not commercially available, making its analysis in forensic exhibits more difficult. GHB free acid is typically encountered in aqueous solution and in the presence of the lactone, gamma-butyrolactone (GBL), presenting difficulty in Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) analysis. The strong infrared (IR) absorptivity of the GBL carbonyl band, the shifting of the GBL carbonyl band in aqueous solutions, and the position of the O-H bend for water can mask the main carbonyl band for GHB free acid. Model solutions of beta-hydroxybutyric acid (BHB) and GBL were studied in order to further understand the masking of the GHB free acid carbonyl band in FT-IR analysis. The use of second derivative FT-IR spectroscopy was shown to provide resolution of the free acid carbonyl band, and a presumptive test for GHB free acid was developed and applied. An extension of this work included preparing, for use as a standard reference material, small amounts (< or = 10 mg) of GHB free acid. Preparation was based on the instantaneous reaction of GHB's sodium salt with a stoichiometric amount of hydrochloric acid in aqueous solution, and subsequent isolation of the free acid in neat liquid form. Both FT-IR and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of the neat reference material were obtained and used to verify its identity. The isolation of GHB free acid from actual forensic exhibits is also presented, with identity confirmation using FT-IR.