人权史上的《自由大宪章》

《自由大宪章》被公认为是英国人权发展史上的一个里程碑式的文件。《自由大宪章》是英国的盎格鲁 -撒克逊传统与诺曼征服后特定的历史背景相结合的产物。它对于“自由民”的权利的规定体现了英国权利观念的特点 ,并树立起了英国人权传统。人们在对它的历史诠释中赋予了它在人权发展史上的重大的意义。《自由大宪章》作为英国人权传统的基石 ,它对于英国、欧洲大陆、美国乃至世界其他各国都有着深远的影响。     

试论商务英语翻译以直译为主的翻译原则

以直译为主的商务英语翻译原则,强调译文必须忠实于原文,全面准确阐明原作的含义,保持原作原有的风格。商务英语翻译要求译者选词要准确,概念表达要确切,物与名所指要正确。商务英语翻译原则与直译的翻译原则相吻合,准确性与其忠实于原文的内容相吻合,专业性与其保持原文的结构形式、行文规范相吻合,实用性与其语言流畅易懂相吻合。     

我国网络言论自由规制问题初探

从1994年正式接入互联网至今,我国互联网发展迅速,已成为人们获取各类信息和发表言论的重要途径。在网络技术不断发展的背景下,我国通过法律划定了网络言论的边界,网络言论的法律规制不但没有扼杀言论自由,反而成为网络言论自由健康发展的有力保障。当然,我国的网络言论的法律规制也存在着一定的问题,对此,笔者提出了一些思考和建议。     

法院职权调查证据的程序意义与立法完善

司法实践中,法院调查证据的权力越来越萎缩,给司法发现正义造成了极大的困难。其实,法院依据职权调查证据是法官自由评价证据作出公正的判决所必需的手段。在我国,需要通过完善法院职权调查证据的程序以及规范取证方法等来保障法院调查取证的权力并防止其权力滥用。     

马克思关于人的全面发展与社会公正理论

马克思认为:人的自由而全面的发展不仅以经济发展为前提,还要以社会公正发展为前提。马克思主义社会公正学说是促进人的自由而全面发展的社会变革理论,实现人的全面而自由发展是马克思主义公正观的“终极关怀”。只有社会公正发展,人才能有一个真正发展的社会条件;反过来,人的全面自由的发展又能推进社会公正发展。     

铁在自由基介导的脑水肿中的作用

利用冷冻制成家兔局灶性脑损伤，术后２、８、１２及２４小时处死动物。测定脑组织中铁、水、脂质过氧化物（ＬＰＯ）及超氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）水平．结果表明，术后脑组织中铁、水及ＬＰＯ含量均显著升高（Ｐ＜０．０１），而ＳＯＤ活性则显著下降（Ｐ＜０．０１）。且铁含量的升高与水含量及ＬＰＯ含量的升高有着显著的相关关系。说明铁在自由基介导的脑脂质过氧化及脑水肿的发生发展中起着重要作用。     

防治腐败的关键是控制行政自由裁量权

本文通过对腐败的载体、特点和本质的分析,指出行政腐败的主要领域是滥用行政自由裁量权,而防治行政腐败的主要思路就是控制和约束行政裁量权。     

警察权力滥用的原因分析及其控制

为了维护社会治安秩序,打击犯罪,保护人民的生命财产安全及其他合法权益,警察权有其存在的必然性。但是,作为国家权力的组成部分,警察权具有强制性、扩张性及自由裁量性的特点,再加上立法的粗陋,相关机制的不健全以及体制上的原因,使其极易被滥用,导致权力寻租现象层出不穷。     

GHB free acid: I. Solution formation studies and spectroscopic characterization by 1HNMR and FT-IR

In forensic evidence, gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) has frequently been encountered in one of its salt forms (gamma-hydroxybutyrate), but has also been encountered in its free acid form (GHB). Owing to the physical properties, encounters of the free acid have been largely restricted to forensic exhibits comprising aqueous solutions, such as acidic beverages that have been "spiked" or formulated with GHB salts or gamma-butyrolactone (GBL). The analysis of GHB free acid presents particular difficulties including the potential for altering the original proportions of GHB free acid, GHB carboxylate, and GBL in the course of analysis, and discrimination between GHB free acid and carboxylate forms. In this work, the formation of GHB free acid in aqueous solutions (water and/or D2O) was studied as a function of solution pH. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1HNMR) and Fourier-transform infrared spectrometry (FT-IR) measurements were obtained on freshly prepared mixtures of NaGHB and HCl stock solutions representing a series of points along the GHB titration curve. Both 1HNMR and FT-IR were shown to track the changing proportions of GHB free acid and carboxylate forms as a function of pH, while simultaneously monitoring for the formation of the lactone (GBL). The results were consistent with acid-base conversion behavior for a carboxylic acid. 1HNMR was shown to provide an ideal means for analysis of aqueous-based GHB/GBL forensic exhibits based on simple dilution of the neat liquid exhibit, without altering the original proportions of GHB free acid, carboxylate, and GBL in the samples.     

Lead-free primer residues: a qualitative characterization of Winchester WinClean, Remington/UMC LeadLess, Federal BallistiClean, and Speer Lawman CleanFire handgun ammunition

The elemental composition and postfiring residues of several "lead-free" or "nontoxic" centerfire handgun ammunition types currently available to the general public were examined. Offerings from Winchester, Remington/UMC, Federal and Speer were obtained from retail sources in both .45 ACP and 9 mm when possible. A total of 112 postfiring residue samples (SEM pins) were collected at varying distances from the muzzle, at two distances from target and from the shooter's hands. An additional 20 samples were collected by direct ignition of primers. Qualitative determinations were carried out using scanning electron microscopy (SEM)/electron dispersive spectrometry (EDS) analysis. All types tested contained aluminum (Al), silicon (Si), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn). Most contain traces of sulfur and calcium. Winchester WinClean and Remington LeadLess contained potassium as the principle ingredient. Federal BallistClean contained barium, while Speer Lawman CleanFire contained strontium. In the main, these compared favorably with manufacturers' MSDS publications and patents granted. The characterizations undertaken here will be of use to the forensic electron microscopist as these formulations gain popularity.