老年社会保障体系存在的问题与完善对策——以江苏省为例

江苏是较早进入人口老龄化的省份之一。近年来,人口老龄化已成为江苏全省面临的一大社会问题,如何解决好老年人的养老问题,对江苏省社会保障事业提出了挑战。本文分析了江苏省老年社会保障体系存在的主要问题,并针对性地提出了完善全省老年社会保障体系的对策。     

Do Trained Dogs Discriminate Individual Body Odors of Women Better than Those of Men?*

Scent identification lineups using dogs are a potentially valuable forensic tool, but have been dismissed by some critics because of cases where a false identification was shown to have occurred. It is not known, however, why dogs appear to make more false indications to the odors of some persons than of others. In this study, human genders were compared as to the degree their individual odors are distinguishable or "attractive" to dogs. Six dogs were trained to smell an individual's hand odor sample and then find the matching hand odor sample in a lineup of five odors. Using one-gender lineups and two-gender lineups with different gender ratios, it was found that dogs trained for the study identified individual women's hand odors more accurately than those of men. It is hypothesized that this is either because of differences in chemical compounds making discrimination of women's odors easier, or because of greater "odor attractiveness" of women's scents to dogs.     

The Politics of Child Prostitution in South Africa

This paper argues that policies, interventions and discourses pertaining to child prostitution have been guided by overarching political agendas that have masked the underlying structural basis of this phenomenon. These political agendas have shifted in accordance with the locus of power, control and resistance in South Africa since the nineteenth century. On the basis of a historical analysis this paper identifies distinct periods in which child prostitution was used to legitimate policies in favour of social control rather than social development. In the colonial period, child prostitution was used to justify stricter controls on adolescent and adult women's sexuality and movement by colonial and traditional patriarchal authorities. In the colonial and Apartheid periods, policies on child prostitution were informed by fears of miscegenation and sexually transmitted diseases, which were used to support the racist and oppressive legislation of sexual behaviour. In the 1980s and early 1990s, the issue of child prostitution was ‘discovered’ in the press both to deflect attention from the incarceration of juveniles during the 1987 State of Emergency and as the basis upon which liberals attacked the Apartheid state. In the latter half of the 1990s and 2000s, it was used by the African National Congress (ANC) government to attack the moral legacy left by the Apartheid state and in turn deflect responsibility for the root causes of this phenomenon. Furthermore, child prostitution was used to support stricter controls on adult sex workers and on the movement of undocumented migrants. This politicised and sensationalist approach has undermined detailed analysis of the root causes of this phenomenon and children's motivation for engaging in prostitution. For many children in South Africa it has been one means by which they can exercise their agency and power in order to ensure their survival in the face of high levels of socio-economic deprivation and rapid socio-cultural change. This paper therefore proposes a shift from policies and interventions centred on social control to social development, based on an in-depth understanding of children's agency, risk and resilience.     

VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN IN U.S. METROPOLITAN AREAS: CHANGES IN WOMEN'S STATUS AND RISK, 1980–2004*

This article examines the impact of women's status on rates of violence against women using longitudinal data from the National Crime Survey and National Crime Victimization Survey for 40 U.S. metropolitan areas for the period 1980 to 2004. Drawing on feminist and routine activities perspectives, we specify hypotheses about the association between women's status and violent victimization, some of which predict different effects depending on whether the offender is a stranger, intimate, or known (nonintimate) other. Consistent with feminist and other perspectives, we find that absolute increases in women's labor force participation, income, and education are associated with decreases in intimate partner violence. Our findings also provide limited support for the backlash hypothesis by showing that increases in female labor participation relative to men are associated with increases in intimate partner violence but not with increases in violence by others. Consistent with routine activities theory, the data also indicate that absolute increases in female labor force participation are associated with increases in victimization by strangers and by known others. Furthermore, we find that absolute increases in female voter participation are associated with decreases in violence for all victim–offender relationship categories. The findings thus show that changes in the status of women have both positive and negative associations with violence victimization, and that comparative analyses of different types of violence are necessary for clarifying the sources of violence against women.     

Are Girls Getting Tougher,or Are We Tougher on Girls? Probability of Arrest and Juvenile Court Oversight in 1980 and 2000

Girls suspected or convicted of assaults make up an increasing proportion of juvenile arrests and court caseloads. There is indication that changes in domestic violence arrest policies, school handling of student rules infractions, and practices of charging youth for assaults rather than status offenses account for these trends. To determine whether girls were treated more harshly for assaults after these policies changed, the present study compared the probabilities of conviction and institutionalization, net of the effect of self-reported attacks on persons, for 1980 and 2000. Data were from the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth 1979 and 1997 cohorts. Girls experienced a unique increase in the probabilities of justice system involvement that was replicated only for Black males. The increase was magnified for Black girls. Additional research is needed to better connect specific policies to drawing selected subgroups more deeply into the justice system and on the consequences for affected youth.     

我国草原生物多样性保护立法问题研究

目前,我国草原生物多样性保护已初步进入法制化轨道。但随着全球范围内生物多样性不断丧失新形势的出现,我国现有相关法律法规已不能有效适应草原生物多样性保护的新需求,逐渐暴露出立法缺位、框架缺陷、机制缺失等不足。针对以上问题,在弥补立法漏洞、修改相关立法、健全配套机制等方面提出完善我国草原生物多样性保护立法体系的构想。     

Out of the Hands of the Parties: Women's Legislative Recruitment at Westminster

At the next general election the percentage of women elected to the smaller House of Commons risks being lower than in the current parliament, where they constitute 22 percent of all MPs. The 2008–10 Speaker's Conference identified many of the barriers faced by women and other under‐represented groups and made a series of recommendations, only some of which have been introduced. The Government favours a voluntary approach to Recommendation 24, which calls for diversity data monitoring, whilst Recommendation 25 which calls for serious consideration of legislative quotas in the absence of a significant increase in the numbers of women in 2010, appears forgotten. A second Speaker's Conference should therefore be established; the issue of women's under‐representation should be taken up above the party level—with legislative quotas introduced to address the system level failure of democratic representation at Westminster.     

论我国证券法定范围引发的问题及其解决方案

我国证券法没有证券定义并缺乏功能标准,法定列举了股票、公司债券及国务院认定的证券为其调整范围。证券法定范围的不足造成具有实质性功能的证券活动无法科学判定,企业难以借用股票和公司债券以外的权益证券融资,打击非法集资及非法证券活动的范围过于宽泛。借鉴引入美国证券法中的投资合同、证券私募和小额融资豁免制度,扩展我国的证券范围,赋予证券监管机构与法院证券认定裁量权,可解决我国证券定义不足造成的困境。     

社会性别视角下的农民组织化——基于武汉市新洲区的调查

本研究从社会性别视角出发,通过对武汉市新洲区的实证调查,对农民的组织化问题进行了探讨。研究指出:农民不仅组织化程度低,而且其组织化具有明显的性别差异。这种男女有别的组织化是传统社会组织的家庭性与男性家长制相叠加、性别社会化所导致的女性组织能力不足以及男权社会对女性的压制共同作用的结果。只有重视组织化中的性别差异,才能更好的推进农民组织化的进程。     

苏区妇女运动中的性别与阶级

本文以"土地"和"婚姻"为两个观察点,考察苏区妇女运动中的"性别中的阶级"和"阶级中的性别",回答为什么苏区的妇女运动能够赢得劳动阶级青年妇女的支持。以国统区报纸中的两份报道、中共的工作文献、口述资料来展示中共、苏区青年妇女及中共反对者对于这场革命的不同态度。由此,从方法论角度说明言说者的"立场"如何影响了看待苏区妇女运动以及妇女的主体性。另外,本文想强调正视阶级性并以劳动妇女作为自己的社会基础,是中国共产党领导的妇女运动最宝贵的历史经验。