Normalization of the Health Claims System of Food Labeling in China

Health claims, as an important type of food nutrition labeling, its standardized system design do not exist in China. The article examined International Codex Alimentarius Commission’ sdefinition and category to health claims, integrated with the comparative analysis of concerning laws and regulations related with health claims in Australia and New Zealand, and the American standard of proof and examination and approval procedure about health claims. Finally this article is aimed at providing the template for health claims law, and searching the rational path of health claims legal systems, thus normalizing food health claims systems in our country.     

The Effects of Heavily Indebted Poor Countries Initiative on the Millennium Development Goals for Health

The objective of this study is to investigate the impact of Heavily Indebted Poor Countries Initiative (HIPC) on the attainment of the health millennium development goals (MDGs) in Africa and identify other correlates of health MDGs. This way, the paper uses data from the World Bank and employs the difference in difference (DID) approach to estimate the impact of HIPC on health MDGs and to identify other determinants of health MDG attainment. The results show that the impact of HIPC on health MDGs is positive. Specifically, due to HIPC, the level of the following health MDG indicators decreased: mortality rate (infant); mortality rate (neonatal); incidence of tuberculosis; prevalence of HIV/AIDS, and mortality rate under five. However, the incidence of tuberculosis (all forms) registered an increase in Africa, even in treated groups. Our findings also indicate that MDGs for health will not be attained simultaneously because some variables that reduce mortality such as GDP per capita, natural resources and education cause HIV/AIDS.     

法国“精神卫生分区化治疗模式”的发展与启示

基于我国目前社区精神病学的发展需要，文章以欧洲精神病学发展史为背景探讨“法国精神卫生分区化治疗模式”得以实现的历史条件及过程。我们认为精神病学在19世纪中叶以后的新发展，即二战后改革派精神病科医生基于圣 阿尔拜精神病院的成功经验而构建的“组织性精神疗法”为该模式的实现提供了科学技术支撑，同时，年轻的精神病科医生们为推广“组织性精神疗法”而做出的政治宣传、教育培训活动则为该治疗模式的实现获得了有利的社会政治资源。文末，我们对法国目前“精神卫生分区化治疗模式”具体架构及运行情况做了介绍并总结评论其对我国社区精神卫生工作的启示。     

At the Bottom of the Heap: Socioeconomic Circumstances and Health Practices and Beliefs among Garbage Pickers in Peri-Urban China

This article explores the health, disease and socioeconomic circumstances of garbage collectors in Guiyang, southwestern China. It aims to contribute to medical anthropology and understandings of Chinese society by examining garbage collectors’ understandings of waste picking, pollution and the health risks and diseases associated with their struggles for survival at the “bottom of the heap” of peri-urban society in contemporary China. Drawing on one month of ethnographic fieldwork, it provides new insights into the oft-neglected subjectivity of individuals struggling for survival at the margins of Chinese society, and how this subjectivity is shaped by their structural position as well as by their own agency in making sense and making the best of their lives.     

Finding a voice – the feasibility and impact of setting up a community choir in a forensic secure setting

This study reports on the feasibility and impact of running a choir for forensic psychiatric inpatients, staff and members of the local community, within the confines of a medium secure psychiatric unit. The choir ran between October and December 2013. Eight weekly workshops and a final concert performance were evaluated through participant observation and focus groups held with the participants. Between 12 and 16 male and female patients attended each workshop and the final concert. All participating patients had received a diagnosis of schizophrenia, schizo-affective disorder or personality disorder, all had committed serious violent or sexual offences and all were legally detained and receiving treatment in a forensic medium or low secure ward, under the Mental Health Act (England and Wales). Considerable benefits were reported by patients, as well as by the participating community choir members and staff. Primary benefits reported by patients included the following: improved happiness and well-being; increased confidence and self-esteem; greater emotional connectedness and reduced sense of stigma. Participating staff also reported increased feelings of well-being and happiness, greater tolerance and more positive perceptions of the functioning and capabilities of forensic psychiatric patients. The longer term benefits of music participation on the mental health and social functioning of forensic psychiatric patients require further investigation.     

A qualitative exploration of the experience of restorative approaches in a forensic mental health setting

Restorative justice (RJ) is an intervention gaining worldwide recognition in criminal justice systems and other settings. There is a growing evidence base demonstrating positive outcomes in a number of domains, but we found no previous research focussed upon the use of RJ in a forensic mental health setting. This study used a constructivist grounded theory analysis of semi-structured interviews to explore and develop a deeper understanding of RJ practices interventions in such a setting. Ten participants including RJ facilitators, patients and mental health staff took part in research interviews. Restorative interventions were found to be congruent with models of mental health and offender recovery. Processing emotions, developing thinking and coherent narrative, and immediacy are found to be key components of the intervention. The emergent model highlights the role of containment and a high level of facilitator skill when working with a complex, vulnerable and potentially unstable client group.     

论工会在矿业集体合同中的定位

矿山工会通过集体讨价还价与企业订立硅康安全方面的行业性专项集体合同，是工会为集团成员提供的非排他性集体物品。不完全性健康安全专项合同的剩余控制权不是处于公共领域，而是由矿方控制，因而保证不完全合同的实施是矿山工会的核心任务。专项集体合同有效履行，能内化矿方应投人工作场所健康安全的成本，以改变矿方与矿工在初次分配中的收入。矿方会竭力阻碍减损其收益的制度变迁，市场失灵时依法组织罢工是订立和履行合同的最后手段。这需要进一步解放思想，完善宪法原则。     

浅析情感智商、逆境商数和智商

本文通过对情感智商、逆境商数和智商理论的比较,指出情感智商与逆境商数在其概念和理论建构上的不完善和不合理的误区,批评把EO、AQ的作用夸大从而导致现实中的负作用的倾向,同时也肯定了EQ、AQ理论在对心理学研究领域和研究视野的扩展,以及对倡导现代的整合的健康教育和普及心理学知识所起的积极意义.     

Equity,health, and health care

Equity goals, such as equal treatment for equal need or equality of access, commonly take pride of place among the aims of health policy. But do these conceptions, or others derived from more fundamental philosophical systems such as those of the utilitarians or John Rawls, successfully capture the way in which the term equity is generally used? If not, is it possible to find some interpretation that can command a greater consensus? This paper answers no to the first question and yes to the second. It is argued that the standard conceptions of equity ignore the processes by which health states are determined and hence the extent to which they arise from factors beyond individual control. An alternative conception is proposed that directly incorporates these considerations.     

Convergence in the Dutch Health Insurance: Possibilities and Obstacles in a European Perspective

Convergence in Dutch Health Insurance presents possibilities and obstacles considered from a European perspective. The idea is to converge the two existing systems of social and private health insurance. Private health insurers will be obliged to offer a minimum level of health insurance cover based on community rating. In this article consequences of the EC Treaty are in focus. Extensive convergence can be legally allowed in the interests of the common good. The European Court of Justice plays a decisive role in deciding whether convergence is approved according to the rules of the EC Treaty.