POLICING CRIME AND DISORDER HOT SPOTS: A RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL*

Dealing with physical and social disorder to prevent serious crime has become a central strategy for policing. This study evaluates the effects of policing disorder, within a problem‐oriented policing framework, at crime and disorder hot spots in Lowell, Massachusetts. Thirty‐four hot spots were matched into 17 pairs, and one member of each pair was allocated to treatment conditions in a randomized block field experiment. The officers engaged “shallow” problem solving and implemented a strategy that more closely resembled a general policing disorder strategy rather than carefully designed problem‐oriented policing responses. Nevertheless, the impact evaluation revealed significant reductions in crime and disorder calls for service, and systematic observations of social and physical disorder at the treatment places relative to the control places uncovered no evidence of significant crime displacement. A mediation analysis of the isolated and exhaustive causal mechanisms that comprised the strategy revealed that the strongest crime‐prevention gains were generated by situational prevention strategies rather than by misdemeanor arrests or social service strategies.     

犯罪热点研究的空间分析方法

随着犯罪的频繁发生,犯罪热点受到越来越多相关部门的关注。在此,应用不同的空间分析方法,研究犯罪热点的分布,提出预防犯罪的措施,以期为社会稳定提供参考。     

The Impact of Hot Spots Policing on Collective Efficacy: Findings from a Randomized Field Trial

In disadvantaged neighborhoods, prior research has found reduced social cohesion and less willingness among residents to address disruptive behaviors and violations of social norms. This deficiency is commonly associated with higher levels of disorder and crime. Therefore, recent scholarship has begun to consider whether police can help foster collective efficacy, especially in places struggling with serious crime problems. Early results are somewhat mixed. Yet the cooperation hypothesis asserts that when neighborhood residents see police as a more viable and reliable resource, residents will be emboldened to exert informal social control to address problems. Over the last two decades, hot spots policing has been recognized as an effective method to reduce crime. At the same time, there have been few rigorous studies of whether this approach impacts collective efficacy at hot spots. To investigate this question, we conducted an experiment in 71 crime hot spots, comparing a collaborative problem solving versus a directed patrol (police presence) approach versus standard policing practices. Over time, a substantial increase in police presence did appear to promote modest improvements in collective efficacy. We attribute this finding to the cooperation hypothesis.     

浅析“热钱”流入对我国货币政策的影响和建议

中国是一个发展中的大国,需要一个相对稳定的国际国内金融环境,中国经济的稳定发展对亚洲和世界具有积极意义。“热钱”流入对我国经济的均衡发展、国际收支平衡、人民币汇率稳定及货币政策宏观调控的效果带来一定影响。因此,必须从我国实际出发,实行以市场供求为基础的、有管理的浮动汇率制度,继续保持人民币汇率稳定,积极探索完善人民币汇率形成机制,采取多种措施改善国际收支平衡状况,促进经济内外协调发展。     

情系职工群众营造民心工程

为广大职工特别是为困难职工办实事,做好事,解难事,可以密切党群、干群关系,维护职工合法权益,解决职工实际困难,扩大工会组织的影响,是工会组织必须要做好的重要工作.     

CAN HOT SPOTS POLICING REDUCE CRIME IN URBAN AREAS? AN AGENT‐BASED SIMULATION*

Over the past two decades, there has been a growing consensus among researchers that hot spots policing is an effective strategy to prevent crime. Although strong evidence exists that hot spots policing will reduce crime at hot spots without immediate spatial displacement, we know little about its possible jurisdictional or large‐area impacts. We cannot isolate such effects in previous experiments because they (appropriately) compare treatment and control hot spots within large urban communities, thus, confounding estimates of area‐wide impacts. An agent‐based model is used to estimate area‐wide impacts of hot spots policing on street robbery. We test two implementations of hot spots policing (representing different levels of resource allocation) in a simulated borough of a city, and we compare them with two control conditions, one model with constant random patrol and another with no police officers. Our models estimate the short‐ and long‐term impacts on large‐area robbery levels of these different schemes of policing resources. These experiments reveal statistically significant effects for hot spots policing beyond both a random patrol model and a landscape without police. These simulations suggest that wider application of hot spots policing can have significant impacts on overall levels of crime in urban areas.     

关于加强中国热点外交的若干对策思考

目前中国热点外交所面临的挑战和存在的问题,主要反映在思想、理论与实践等领域。为解决这些问题,在思想上,中国要从战略高度对热点外交进行定位,具体表现在要从统筹国际和国内两个大局的高度看待热点外交的战略重要性,要从中国的价值理念与外交政策定位热点外交的指导思想与目标。在理论研究方面,中国要从国家利益、地缘政治、介入和参与的身份与环境要求等角度,对热点问题分类,并建立长效研究机制。在实践方面,中国应通过灵活运用外交基本原则、完善特使制度、增强外交统筹和平衡、加强中美战略对话、加大对伊朗核问题参与力度、创新外援体制、创新公共外交机制,解决当前热点外交面临的紧迫问题。     

公众话语压力下的刑法解释——以热点刑事案件中刑法解释方法的择向为视角

热点刑事案件中,司法机关对刑法的解释与适用,面临公众强烈质疑的困境。刑法解释理论本身的缺陷不足以造成困境,民众感官正义与法官司法正义的冲突也并非根本原因,公众不完备的信息能力才是困境形成的本质原因。公众话语压力通过刑法解释对象发生作用并影响法官解释方法的择向,一旦公众话语过度渗透,形成话语压力,则可能引发刑法解释过度追随公众认同的可能性、解释结论消极影响的＂溢出效应＂等非理性司法特性。要突破上述困境,应强化公众信息能力以消解公众话语压力,以公众认同的基本情理为刑法解释的价值取向,并坚持＂人本主义解释范式＂,还应准确确定各种刑法解释方法的适用位阶以提高法官刑法解释技艺。     

SBS改性沥青防水卷材施工的环境污染及防治

SBS改性沥青防水卷材的施工方法一般采用热熔法 ,在施工过程中 ,产生大量有毒气体。为了保护环境及施工人员的身体健康 ,研究制备一种冷胶粘剂 ,将通常的SBS改性沥青防水卷材热熔法施工改造为绿色冷施工 ,经测定 ,该冷胶粘剂达到有关标准要求