社会权与自由权区别主流理论之批判

积极权利与消极权利之间存在明确而具体的区别,但它不同于社会权与自由权之间的区别。主流人权理论所谓社会权与自由权之间的“义务区别”、“冲突区别”和“效力区别”都是虚构的、错误的。每一项权利都与积极义务和消极义务相联系;相应地,与社会权一样,自由权之间也存在相互冲突;社会权对国家不仅产生政治和道德约束力,也产生与自由权同样的法律约束力,并在一定范围和程度内产生可由司法裁决的法律效力。     

知识产权与人权:后TRIPS时代的知识产权国际保护

TRIPS的产生,在促进知识产权国际保护发展的同时,也被认为造成了知识产权制度与国际人权法之间的冲突。从立法宗旨上讲,不管对知识产权采用什么样的措辞,知识产权保护应与维护人类尊严和实现其他人权相一致。所以,我们必须开展有关研究工作,探寻如何在包括TRIPS在内的国际条约框架下,协调好知识产权与人权之间的关系;具体说来,知识产权国际保护制度必须以国际人权公约的价值取向为指导,在保护作者精神权、隐私权、公共健康与环境等方面进行制度改革。     

禁止体罚儿童的国际法律规定与国内法律实施——以家庭内体罚儿童为视角

普遍存在的体罚儿童现象随着国际社会对儿童权利的关注逐渐进入人们的视野,特别是家庭内部的儿童体罚问题也开始受到关注。近年来,禁止一切形式的儿童体罚的观念逐渐被越来越多的国家所接受。探析儿童体罚问题的原因和危害,从国际人权文件和我国国内法律体系中寻找家庭内部禁止体罚儿童的依据,以类型化分析的方法比较世界各国保护儿童的立法例及其进展,借鉴外国禁止体罚的立法实践,针对我国在禁止家庭内体罚儿童中存在的种种问题,提出若干改进方向,以求尽快达到禁止体罚儿童的国际人权法律标准、不断改善国内儿童权利保护状况十分必要。     

In defense of human rights of indigenous people

The nations of the world are generally shaped by a cultural diversity, which must be preserved. This leads to a fundamental and essential defense of indigenous groups and their human rights. The purpose of this article is to highlight the importance of defending human rights of indigenous cucapa, natives settled in the northeast of the state of Baja California in the Delta of the Colorado River, especially with regards to their fishing rights, which is their main source of food and survival. The environmental laws that have been issued in the country have greatly affected them, banning commercial fishing in some areas and totally in many other areas, adding to that a not to subtle performance by the appropriate regulation authorities, preventing them from fishing sea bass, hence their consumption and marketing, which is reflected in their socioeconomic status. For this reason and in response to this violation of their human rights, women have decided to enter a cucapa womb strike, which threatens the existence of the tribe by not reproducing.     

Culture diversity and environmental protection

Just as human rights advocates have tended to place only civil and political rights onto their agendas, environmentalists have tended to focus primarily on natural resource preservation without addressing human impacts of environment abuse. As a result, victims of environment degradation are unprotected by the laws and mechanisms established to address human rights abuse. This paper will offer a brief comparative analysis of the United States＇ environment policy and a case of ASEAN implanting the concept of environmental right; discuss the traditional knowledge of indigenous population and its impact upon the environment protection; and at last recommend a model system used in China in linking cultural diversity and environmental right.     

人体基因财产权研究——“人格性财产权”的证成与施用

按照经典权利理论中人/物、人格权/财产权的二元界分逻辑,人体基因作为整全的人身的组成部分,处于人格权的保护之下,被禁止用于谋利性交易。然而,随着基因科技的发展及基因的产业化应用,人/物的界限被内移到了人自身,人体基因也日益外化而具有独立的经济价值。当基因科技的施为力量已在某种程度上消弭了经典权利理论所依仗的人/物二元界分的基础时,试图非此即彼地以人格权或财产权来界定人体基因的法律属性,都不会实现关于基因利益的公平分配和确保人格不被减等的结果。问题的出路,似乎在于在人格权和财产权的混同处,提出一个新的人格性财产权的范畴界定人体基因的法律属性,并综合运用人格权和财产权的保护机制来保障基因资源提供者的利益。     

Democracy, rule of law and human rights protection under gradually developed constitutionalism

With the shifting of the economic pattern and the developing of administrative law, the modern constitutionalism of China has adopted a progressive development process. Over 20 years, the development of democracy, the rule of law and the human rights protection clearly illustrate this point. For the gradually developing constitutionalism, the theory of limited rational is a theoretical basis, the stability of society is a social basis, the changing economic system is a economic basis, and Confucianism is a cultural basis. Constitutionalism of China should continue to go in such an active, steady and gradual way. Wang Zhuojun, Professor and Director of Administrative Affairs of Soochow University (till now) and as a visiting scholar in the Department of Government & Politics, University of Maryland, USA (1996.1–1997.1), whose research focuses on culture, politics and science of law. So far, his publications are “The Political System in the Perspective of Culture”, “A History of Epistemology”, “A Study of the External Economy of China’s Universities”, and his translations include “Introduction to Culture and Anthropology”, “Challenge to Culture from Science and Technology”, etc. Moreover, He has presided several research projects sponsored by The Ministry of Science and Technology of China and the Education Department of Jiangsu Province, China.     

论植物人的法律人格及权利行使和保护

Although human vegetables lose their capacities of will and do not have the intrinsic attribute of civil subjects, they still have legal personalities and the status of civil subjects. The law has not provided for defects of their legal personalities, and thus civil law shall include human vegetables as objects of guardianship. The system of adult guardianship shall be constructed to supplement and correct the legal personalities of human vegetables. When human vegetables enter into a permanent vegetative state or state of brain death, law may declare the termination of legal personalities of the human vegetable. Due to the unique life state and capacity of act of human vegetables, the exercise of their civil rights faces a series of legal difficulties and challenges, mainly involving important issues such as the right of treatment for life rescue, marital right and reproductive right. The civil law shall ensure that the civil right of human vegetables can be fully enjoyed and effectively protected. Zhang Li, associate professor in civil and business law at Fujian Normal University, and also an invited researcher on civil law, international economic law and international private law, co-operated with Law School of Renmin University of China. Till now, she’s already released 23 theses in law journals and a monograph of the Survey of International Private Law. In addition, she was a member in doing studies (2006) on the legislation of Chinese tort law and presides over the researching (2007) of the legal personality and rights of disabled persons.     

酷刑性质探析

从联合国《禁止酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚公约》中的酷刑定义入手,对酷刑的性质进行了深入挖掘,得出了三点结论,即酷刑是一种严重侵犯人权的行为、酷刑是一种滥用国家权力的行为、现代酷刑是一种犯罪。作者希望通过对酷刑性质的挖掘,加深对酷刑行为的理解,促进反酷刑目的的实现。     

论道德教育中的爱感生成——对中西人性体认的再思

德性"自盈"是中国文化对个体自我体认的最基本的评语.而一切人生理想的诉求都集中于自我德行的外溢,这就造成了中国文化对人性自我意识的过分乐观.因此,这种基于德感意识的人性体认,缺乏追寻彼岸超越精神的动力,也带来了个体精神生活的乐感取向,从而导致了道德泛化和去道德化等诸多道德教育困境;而对人性体认建立在罪感基础上的西方文化,却孕育了具有超越之爱感的道德教育.所以,中国道德教育必须从狭隘的本土化思维框架中走出来,通过再思中西不同的人性体认,促进爱感的生成,承担培养爱者的使命.