Historical perspective and better regulatory governance: An agenda for institutional reform

Compared to economics, sociology, political science, and law, the discipline of history has had a limited role in the wide‐ranging efforts to reconsider strategies of regulatory governance, especially inside regulatory institutions. This article explores how more sustained historical perspective might improve regulatory decisionmaking. We first survey how a set of American regulatory agencies currently rely on historical research and analysis, whether for the purposes of public relations or as a means of supporting policymaking. We then consider how regulatory agencies might draw on history more self‐consciously, more strategically, and to greater effect. Three areas stand out in this regard – the use of history to improve understanding of institutional culture; reliance on historical analysis to test the empirical plausibility of conceptual models that make assumptions about the likelihood of potential economic outcomes; and integration of historical research methods into program and policy evaluation.     

自然、契约与人性——古希腊智者与近代契约理论的界分

契约理论是关于国家(城邦)起源的重要理论。古希腊智者学派在自然与约定的争论中表达了早期的契约理论,将自然本性和人性完善作为契约的基础,对人、社会、自然做出了界定,同时也抬升了人的地位。近代霍布斯、洛克以自然状态为社会契约论的逻辑起点,以人性的欲望至上性为基础,在确立人的主体地位的同时,也削弱了自然和人的本性力量。通过古代与近代契约理论的界分,领悟到人的真正发展是自身发展和自然的复活,是人、社会、自然的和谐发展。     

中国现代政党制度的发生学考察

中国政党制度在从资本主义政党制度向社会主义政党制度的现代转型中,经历了以资产阶级政党制度为主要内容的旧民主主义革命阶段、以国共两党围绕民主联合政府展开斗争合作为主要内容的新民主主义革命阶段和共产党领导的多党合作制度阶段。本文据此侧重从中国现代政党制度前史和毛泽东有关政党制度的两个文本的角度对中国现代政党制度作了发生学的考察,并由此得出了中国现代政党制度的经验和启示。     

Organisational choices in public procurement: what can public management learn from the private sector?

ABSTRACT

In the public context, the efficient and effective management of procurement activities has a crucial impact on the achievement of operational and broader government objectives. In particular, the potential contribution of procurement within local governments has been broadly recognized, and organisational procurement choices represent a strategic aspect that must be managed to contribute to these objectives. Through the analysis of data on 371 Italian municipalities, this paper discusses how to design procurement organisation variables for local governments. Three possible organisational models are identified (i.e., authoritative procurement, silo procurement, and local procurement) and discussed from the perspective of internal and external contingencies that may affect organisational decisions.     

生态人与法的价值变迁

人性处在不断变化、不断发展和完善之中,人性的进化必然同时带动了法的价值变化。生态人代表了人性在环境时代的一次全新展现,它意味着"自我"认同继续深化成为人与自然一体的"大我",意味着利他精神不仅向后代人扩展,而且还超出了人类范畴而惠及到自然界内的其他生命物种——而生态人所代表的人性在环境时代的种种变化,必然最终带来了法的安全、平等和自由价值的变迁。     

国家干预经济中政府失灵的人性解读及控制

对政府失灵及其缘由的追寻和考究,是经济法学人长期以来的不懈追求,也获得了诸多真知灼见。然而,鲜有人注意到,人性中的"强"、"群"、"乐"等因素,才是政府失灵更为深刻的原因,从干预者人性的角度对政府失灵进行解读,可以为我们提供一个可靠的认识论基础,也可为经济法克服政府失灵提供有效方向和路径。     

刑法中的人道问题

近代以来,随着人道主义呼声的高涨,犯罪人的处遇措施应该得到改良、死刑应当废止的主张日渐扩大了影响面。但是人道能否限制刑罚？从国内的主流观点——人道是刑罚的价值要素去推论,人道可以对刑罚构成一种根据性的限制,与人道不符,刑罚就应该废止。但是通过价值哲学、刑罚历史、刑罚根基的考察,人道不是刑罚的价值要素。因此,人道对刑罚的限制不是根据性的,而是条件性的,只有当人道理念较比刑罚理念占优势时,人道才限制刑罚。至此,中国当前的刑事政策应是适度改良监狱设施,坚持保留死刑立场上的严格限制死刑。     

人性与犯罪：我国古代的解读

从人性方面来探讨犯罪问题历来就是一个重要的视角。我国古代存在着丰富多元的人性论,不同的人性论,造成了对犯罪原因的不同解读,进而影响了不同预防犯罪对策的选择。     

An experimental evaluation of teen courts

Teen Court (TC) is a juvenile diversion program designed to prevent the formal processing of first-time juvenile offenders within the juvenile justice system. TC instead utilizes informal processing and sanctions in order to prevent future offending. Despite its widespread popularity throughout the United States of America, little rigorous research has been conducted on the effectiveness of the TC model for reducing recidivism. Using an experimental design, this study examined the effectiveness of TC in reducing recidivism and improving the attitudes and opinions of juvenile offenders in comparison with a control group of youth who were formally processed. Self-reported delinquency was higher for those youth who participated in TC. TC youth were also found to have significantly lower scores on a scale of belief in conventional rules than had youth who were processed in the Department of Juveniles Services. Implications of these findings are discussed.

正交设计优化四味黄连洗剂提取工艺

目的 采用正交设计试验优选四味黄连洗剂的最佳提取工艺。方法 对四味黄连洗剂采用醇提取法,采用L9（34）正交设计法进行试验,对提取次数、乙醇浓度、提取时间和乙醇倍数4个单因素进行试验,以黄芩苷、盐酸小檗碱、大黄素含量及干膏得率为指标,利用综合评分法对数据进行分析,优选出最佳提取工艺。结果 优选出四味黄连洗剂最佳醇提工艺为处方量药材加12倍80%乙醇提取3次,每次1.5 h。结论 试验得到的最佳提取方法稳定可行,可应用于四味黄连洗剂的生产制备。