Protecting digital identity in the cloud: Regulating cross border data disclosure

Widespread use of cloud computing and other off-shore hosting and processing arrangements make regulation of cross border data one of the most significant issues for regulators around the world. Cloud computing has made data storage and access cost effective but it has changed the nature of cross border data. Now data does not have to be stored or processed in another country or transferred across a national border in the traditional sense, to be what we consider to be cross border data. Nevertheless, the notion of physical borders and transfers still pervades thinking on this subject. The European Commission (“EC”) is proposing a new global standard for data transfer to ensure a level of protection for data transferred out of the EU similar to that within the EU. This paper examines the two major international schemes regulating cross-border data, the EU approach and the US approach, and the new EC and US proposals for a global standard. These approaches which are all based on data transfer are contrasted with the new Australian approach which regulates disclosure. The relative merits of the EU, US and Australian approaches are examined in the context of digital identity, rather than just data privacy which is the usual focus, because of the growing significance of digital identity, especially to an individual's ability to be recognized and to transact. The set of information required for transactions which invariably consists of full name, date of birth, gender and a piece of what is referred to as identifying information, has specific functions which transform it from mere information. As is explained in this article, as a set, it literally enables the system to transact. For this reason, it is the most important, and most vulnerable, part of digital identity. Yet while it is deserving of most protection, its significance has been largely under-appreciated. This article considers the issues posed by cross border data regulation in the context of cloud computing, with a focus on transaction identity and the other personal information which make up an individual's digital identity. The author argues that the growing commercial and legal importance of digital identity and its inherent vulnerabilities mandate the need for its more effective protection which is provided by regulation of disclosure, not just transfer.     

公民身份的扩展与欧盟区域人权保护原则

在全球化的推动下,区域政府间的政治联盟和公民身份都获得巨大发展,成为区域法治的重要力量.承载着自由权利、政治权利和社会权利的公民身份,为区域法治提供了合法性基础,从而成为区域人权保护原则的主体性力量;公民身份的结构性联系和基本权利的内在勾连意味着,公民身份的理念与制度的扩展必然要求在区域人权保护中坚持一体保护原则、多重保护原则和司法保护原则.     

Examining the risk reduction strategies of actors in online criminal markets

Research examining offender risk reduction strategies within illicit markets focus primarily on those operating in the real world for drugs and stolen goods. Few have considered the strategies that may be used by individuals in virtual illicit markets that are hidden from public view. This study addresses this gap through a grounded theory analysis of posts from 10 Russian and three English language web forums selling stolen data to engage in identity theft and fraud. The findings indicate that buyers employ multiple strategies to reduce their risk of loss from unreliable vendors, along with resources provided by forum administrators to manage relationships between participants. The implications of this study for law enforcement and offender decision-making research are also discussed.     

文化贸易与文化认同

文化产品是文化认同的载体,文化认同是文化产品得以存在的先决条件。文化贸易,其实质是不同民族和国家之间文化认同的达成与接受,文化贸易的出超和逆超背后是文化认同资源的争夺。在全球化背景下,实现文化贸易平衡的出路在于主动参与国际间的文化竞争,由被动的参与者逐渐成为贸易规则的制定者,改变不利的贸易条件,从而有效地捍卫自己的文化权益。     

张爱玲与台湾文学史书写

张爱玲与台湾文学史书写有着复杂而又密切的关系,半个世纪以来,诸种台湾文学史或书写,或缩写,或不写张爱玲,都有其内在的深层原因。作为"文学/文化"的"张爱玲符号",已经成为一种亟待思考的文学现象,本文通过对张爱玲文本在东亚的后殖民和冷战秩序构筑当中被台湾接受的一些脉络,以及在台湾本土意识高扬的背景下台湾新文学史要怎样处理张爱玲的考察,阐述文学制度介入到国族想象后,对作家阐释也出现了较大的位移。而且,也要阐释台湾"独派"人士在处理文化上的身份认同和政治上的身份认同之间的理论困境。     

艺术作品概念的开放性与同一性--对后现代艺术作品解答的一种尝试

20世纪西方艺术哲学对"什么是艺术作品"提出了种种无核心、无确定意义的"洋葱式"解答,而这表明西方艺术理论在不断精密化的同时也在不断地陷入枝节的缠绕,迷失中心和整体的感觉,最终丧失真正的解说能力。将艺术作品作为一个开放概念,从艺术作品中人的印证———技巧与意向,以及作品的同一性———变异与永恒等方面切入,可对后现代艺术作品进行一尝试性解答。     

当代中国身份探析

中国的国家身份是一个很受关注的问题.中国是当今世界最大的发展中国家;是目前国际社会中处于初级阶段的最主要的社会主义国家;是崛起中的大国;也是一个有较大国际影响的地区大国.[1]以上几种身份之间既有互补性的一面,也有不一致、相冲突的一面.通过分析这几种身份之间的关系,我们可以明确当前处于我国核心地位的身份是:崛起中的大国.     

华南族群的互动与认同

华南地区少数民族族群来源复杂,结构多样.早在远古时代就有许多原始族群活跃在华南,族群之间不断互动、涵化,到清朝基本定型为三个层次.华南族群中既包括少数民族族群,也包括汉族族群.各族群的认同基本上都是从族源认同和语言认同两个方面来概定,其中,语言认同方面汉族族群的方言比少数民族族群的方言种类更多,内容更丰富.     

论萧红小说的修辞特性

萧红是20世纪30年代一位独具风格的作家.在语言方面,她的小说很好地体现了"语言表达应配合一定的语境与情境",在不经意间展现出过人的叙事才能.她的语言存在是现代汉语语言运用的一个个案.她不期然达到的语言高度,是值得探究和借鉴的.     

血缘身份与契约身份--梅因"从身份到契约"的现代思考

今人对梅因"从身份到契约"这一进步的规律赞誉不减.但这一规律的基本概念似乎显得比较模糊.原始社会存在身份,但这种身份是建立在血缘基础之上的.进入国家社会以后,身份并不因国家的契约性质而由此消除.国家通过法律确定人的身份,这种身份既有血缘的又有等级的.进入现代社会以来,身份仍然存在,而这种身份建立在个人意志自由的契约基础上,形成了后身份时代.