非法占用农用地罪客观要件若干问题探析

问题的存在与发展的前景往往是同时存在的。针对非法占用农用地罪的客观要件,我们应修改现有之刑法规范,努力使其体现本罪行为方式的本质特征,实现定罪标准的确定、统一。具体而言,应维持农用地作为本罪唯一的犯罪对象,将本罪的行为方式设计为“违反土地管理法规,改变耕地、林地等农用地用途,或对其进行破坏或破坏性使用”,而且仅保留“造成耕地、林地等农用地大量毁坏”这唯一的定罪标准。     

对文件绝对形成时间的综合检验

在理论上,文件一定能反映出某种时闻信息,这为人们鉴定文件形成时间提供了可能性。文检工作者通常采用理化方法进行文件形成时间的检验,但该方法常受制于纸质、色料、保管条件等,因此在实践中并非每份文件都能够检验出形成时间。对于不具备理化检验条件的案件,应该分析文件时间特征,进行综合检验,以确定文件的绝对形成时间。     

非法证据排除规则的国内外比较研究

由于法律文化传统等的不同以及特定时期控制犯罪与保障人权的需要,不同国家之间以及同一国家在不同时期有关这一问题的诉讼理论和具体对策往往存在着许多差异。不过,随着人类社会进步和对刑事诉讼规律认识的提高,各国对违法取证的危害性的认识也日趋深刻,并在一些原则问题上达成了共识。     

提单流转延误而引起的法律问题浅析

提单流转的延误已经成为提单最大的弊端 ,它引起了无单放货等一系列问题。本文逐个分析了国内外针对这类问题所采取的各种对策及其法律效力。     

我国民用航空非法干扰行为的立法完善

按照国际法和国内法的规定分析非法干扰行为,准确界定"非法干扰行为"的内涵和外延,是完善非法干扰行为立法的前提和基础。对非法干扰行为的内涵缺乏统一的认识、非法干扰行为多元立法以及国际法向国内法转化存在的问题等成为制约我国民用航空非法干扰行为立法完善的主要因素。完善我国民用航空非法干扰行为的立法,首先要明确非法干扰行为的法律内涵,其次要加强非法干扰行为系统化立法以及立法的现代化进程。     

论互联网金融中的“非法集资”——兼评最新非法集资司法解释

互联网金融中的非法集资风险主要集中于P2P和众筹领域。P2P领域中的三种模式已经触犯了非法集资的法律红线,而股权类众筹最可能涉及的犯罪是非法集资犯罪中的擅自发行股票、公司、企业债券罪。两高和公安部联合颁布的最新司法解释在非法集资构成要件的认定上采取了"从严把握"的原则,更是大大增加了部分互联网金融活动的非法集资的入罪风险。因此,对互联网金融中非法集资的风险防控应建立起一整套完善的监管体系,并充分发挥行业自律作用,以促进互联网金融的健康发展。     

关于非法医疗机构内执业医师是否构成非法行医罪主体的探讨

依最高人民法院《关于审理非法行医刑事案件具体应用法律若干问题的解释》规定,个人未取得《医疗机构执业许可证》开办医疗机构的行为应认定为《刑法》第三百三十六条第一款规定的“未取得医生执业资格的人非法行医”,即在个体行医的场合下,医师必须取得《医疗机构执业许可证》,方能开展诊疗活动,否则便属于非法行医。然而,非个体行医的情形下,医师在无执业许可证的医疗机构行医,是否属于非法行医？对此,法律并无相关规定,本文对此类案件所涉医师是否属于刑法规定的“未取得医生执业资格的人”进行探讨。     

An efficient method to detect series of fraudulent identity documents based on digitised forensic data

Document fraud is a transnational form of crime, and its serial character has already been highlighted. To combat this phenomenon, the Interstate Database of Fraudulent Identity Documents (BIDIF) has been created and implemented in Switzerland. It supports the comparison of documents and the detection of series, i.e., documents that share a common source. To efficiently use such a system, forensic document examiners would benefit from a harmonised and proven profiling method. Thus, the aim of this study is to develop a method for comparing documents and establishing series. The method is meant to improve the detection capabilities of forensic document examiners operating BIDIF or engaged in the profiling of fraudulent documents. First, a method based on the visual characteristics of digitised images of fraudulent identity documents has been developed. Subsequently, the method was qualitatively and quantitatively evaluated using four tests. The first test verified the ability of the method to detect pre-existing series. The second test checked the capability of the method to detect links amongst isolated documents. Finally, two further tests were carried out to compare the method impact on the successful detection of series. These tests were carried out by professional forensic document examiners and Master students in forensic science, respectively. This allowed a comparison of the method influence on series detection. The method allowed a significant increase in the number of series and links detected, while also decreasing the occurrence of false negatives and false positives. Furthermore, links were more rapidly detected.     

GC法在物证检验中的应用

近年来,随着物证技术仪器检测方法的研究不断深入,很多新技术手段应用到案件的破获以及司法鉴定当中,为结论的准确性提供了重要保证。笔者对气相色谱法在物证检验及文件物证中的应用进行了简要的总结阐述。GC技术以其分离高效、分离速度快而准确的特性得到广泛应用。在微量物证中广泛的应用于爆炸残留物、涂料、塑料、橡胶、油类和纤维的检验,在文件形成时间上的研究中也将起到重要作用。     

Forensic examination of security features of the CDC-issued COVID-19 vaccination card and suggested improvements to minimize counterfeiting

During the COVID-19 pandemic, the United States released the CDC-issued vaccination card to document the status of immunizations. It eventually was used as a verification system to allow patrons to safely access public venues. This is/was apparently a simple printed piece of paper with minimal security features which made it an easy target for counterfeiters with little expertise required. Those unvaccinated who wished to enter areas that required proof of the COVID-19 vaccine were soon finding alternative illegal methods to do so which led to public health concerns. This research was divided into two parts. Part A aimed to forensically identify the security features with a video spectral comparator and a stereomicroscope. Ten “known” blank cards were collected directly from dispensaries that administered the vaccine and 68 “unknowns” from individuals who received the COVID-19 vaccine. Part B aimed to evaluate the authentication systems employed by countries outside the United States to propose a model on how the vaccination card could be improved and what security features should be included for future instances requiring proof of immunization. The results revealed the CDC document was produced with minimal security features making the document prone to counterfeiting. Furthermore, based on the information collected from other countries' vaccination certificates, it is recommended to develop a dual authentication system, with digital and printable aspects, that contains a QR code linked to a database. Other security features may include a non-optical brightener substrate, security fibers, a watermarked logo, offset printing, and a geographical color-coded system.