The Geography of the International System: The CShapes Dataset

Sceptics of globalization attribute the proliferation of light weapons to economic openness. Increasing globalization apparently weakens public authority, leading to social disarray, anomic violence, and general conditions that make handgun ownership and use more likely. Pro-globalists might argue contrarily that trade openness can raise the premium on peace as violence is bad for business. Moreover, greater interdependence allows the diffusion of anti-proliferation norms and facilitates cooperative behavior among trading partners for stemming the demand for and proliferation of small arms. Using a unique dataset on small arms imports, we find that greater openness to trade and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) lowers small arms imports per capita. A policy measure of economic freedom is associated with higher small arms imports, but this association seems to be explained entirely by the association between economic freedom and strong bureaucracies. States that are de facto more open to the global trading system are less likely to be inundated with these weapons, but richer, better-governed countries import more small arms. Global policy should pay closer attention to the seepage of these weapons from the relatively wealthy, who manufacture and buy them in larger quantities, to the poor, among whom the ‘problems’ associated with small arms are often manifested. Curbing those factors that encourage globalization, however, would be counterproductive to reducing the trade in small arms and light weapons.     

金融危机下我国外贸形势分析及相关对策

金融危机引发全球经济走势恶化,由于我国外贸依存度较高,因此进出口整体形势异常严峻。当务之急,应尽快认识当前国际经济环境,积极寻求对策。通过对我国近年外贸形势阐述,分析目前所面临的主要风险,并提出相应对策。     

对美国兰萨案的回顾和分析

兰萨案的判决涉及到美国版权领域的重要问题———平行进口问题 ,版权作品经过版权人的同意或者版权人自己首次投入市场后 ,版权人对于版权作品中包含的权利是否用尽直接关系到商品在市场上能否自由流动 ,知识产权人从自身的利益出发反对版权作品进入特定的市场 ,严格控制此类产品的销售渠道 ,目的是为了维护其版权作品的高价格 ,但是 ,版权人的行为可能违反竞争法     

平行进口和欧洲共同体条约第81条的关系

平行进口是欧洲法院面临的一个棘手问题 ,欧洲共同体各成员国国内知识产权立法上的差异导致商品自由流动出现障碍 ,知识产权人利用国内立法通过协议或采取统一行为限制知识产权产品进入特定的市场 ,保护自己的利益 ,减少商业风险 ,避免竞争 ,实际上分割了市场 ,导致了包含在商品中的权利用尽。商品必须处于自由流通的状态 ,任何阻碍商品自由流动 ,影响成员国贸易的行为都是违反欧洲共同体条约第 81条的反竞争行为     

平行进口法律规制的再思考——以知识产权独占许可为视角

对平行进口的法律规制争议不断,这一方面是由于其类型的多样性及由此带来的权利冲突和利益纷争的复杂性,另一方面是由于以传统的知识产权理论即权利用尽原则与地域性原则为基础解决平行进口问题所遇到的理论内部的矛盾性及由此决定的现实意义的有限性。从知识产权独占许可的视角分析由平行进口所引发的利益失衡可以为我们研究平行进口的法律规制提供新的思考路径。     

消费者混淆与平行进口的规制——从美国的两个平行进口的案例谈起

本文从美国两个平行进口[2]的案例着手,分析消费者混淆理论在平行进口规制中的作用,从而得出美国在平行进口的问题上在采取地域性原则为基础、权利用竭原则为例外的同时将消费者混淆的可能性作为评定平行进口合法性的依据的结论。     

Determinants and directions for Chinese weapons imports

This article assesses and presents the determinants and directions of Chinese acquisitions of weapons and weapons technology from abroad, focusing on major conventional weapons and their relevant technologies. Following a brief development of historical themes which continue to affect Chinese military‐related imports today, the study considers the principal contemporary domestic and international determinants which contribute to shaping Chinese arms import policies, and the type of foreign arms acquisitions likely to result from those policies. In analysing past and current security policies, weapons development policies, foreign weapons procurement policies, the study reaches four main conclusions. First, a wide range of problems — including prohibitive cost, political and bureaucratic infighting, absorptive capacities, managerial and administrative roadblocks, and supplier controls — stand in the way of a Chinese military modernization strategy based on foreign procurement. Second, with the exception of Sino‐Soviet cooperation in the 1950s, Chinese arms and arms technology acquisitions from abroad have consistently been relatively modest, sporadic, and problematic. Even in the case of current transfers from such suppliers as Israel and Russia, it is unclear the extent to which these countries are willing to part with significant amounts of top‐of‐the‐line systems and technologies. Third, the impact upon international security of the improvement of Chinese military capability through the acquisition of foreign weapons and technology is not likely to manifest itself in violent military disruptiveness, but rather in the nuanced and steady expansion of Chinese power and influence in parts of East Asia around China's periphery. Fourth, the military capabilities of China's arms clients will probably not be significantly improved through the acquisition of foreign weapons and weapons technologies by China. In sum, Chinese military modernization through arms and technology imports will continue to be a slow and painful process.